GULLS

1980 H&M

1990 H&M

since

2003 H&M

2013 H&M

2021 IOC

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

if different from H&M 2013

Creagrus furcatus

Swallow-tailed Gull

W coast of South America

Rissa tridactyla

pollicaris

Rissa tridactyla

pollicaris

Rissa tridactyla

pollicaris

Rissa tridactyla

pollicaris

N Pacific Ocean

Rissa tridactyla

tridactyla

Rissa tridactyla

tridactyla

tridactyla

Rissa tridactyla

tridactyla

Black-legged Kittiwake

N Atlantic Ocean

Rissa brevirostris

Red-legged Kittiwake

N Pacific Ocean

Pagophila alba

Pagophila eburnea

Ivory Gull

Arctic waters

Xema sabini *

Xema sabini

Sabine's Gull

Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Larus genei

Chroicocephalus genei

Slender-billed Gull

coastal Africa, SW Asia, India

Larus philadelphia

Chroicocephalus philadelphia

Bonaparte's Gull

coastal USA, NW Mexico, Greater Antilles

Larus serranus

Chroicocephalus serranus

Andean Gull

coastal Peru and Chile

Larus maculipennis

Chroicocephalus maculipennis

Brown-hooded Gull

Chile, SE Brazil to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.

Larus novaehollandiae

forsteri

Larus novaehollandiae

forsteri

Larus novaehollandiae

forsteri

Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae

forsteri

New Caledonia and offshore islets

Larus novaehollandiae

novaehollandiae

Larus novaehollandiae

novaehollandiae

Larus novaehollandiae

novaehollandiae

Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae

novaehollandiae

Silver Gull (Silver-headed Gull in German)

Australia, Tasmania

Larus novaehollandiae

hartlaubii

Larus novaehollandiae

hartlaubii ┐

Larus novaehollandiae

gunni

Larus novaehollandiae

scopulinus

Larus novaehollandiae

scopulinus **

Larus novaehollandiae

scopulinus

Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae

scopulinus

New Zealand

Larus bulleri

Chroicocephalus bulleri

Buller's Gull > (2003) Black-billed Gull

New Zealand

Larus brunnicephalus

Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus

Indian Black-headed Gull > (2003) Brown-headed Gull

C to S Asia

Larus ridibundus

Chroicocephalus ridibundus

Black-headed Gull (Laughing Gull in German)

north of equator

Larus cirrocephalus

cirrocephalus

Larus cirrocephalus

cirrocephalus

Larus cirrocephalus

cirrocephalus

Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus

cirrocephalus

Gray-hooded Gull or Grey-headed Gull

Coastal S Amercia

Larus cirrocephalus

poiocephalus

Larus cirrocephalus

poiocephalus

Larus cirrocephalus

poiocephalus

Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus

poiocephalus

Africa

└

1994

Larus hartlaubii ***

Chroicocephalus hartlaubii

King Gull > (2003) Hartlaub's Gull

Coastal Namibia to South Africa

Larus saundersi

Saundersilarus saundersi

Saunders's Gull

Chroicocephalus saundersi

Coastal E Asia

Larus minutus

Hydrocoloeus minutus

Little Gull

Holarctic

Rhodostethia rosea

Ross's Gull

Arctic waters

Gabianus scoresbii

Gabianus scoresbii *

Leucophaeus scoresbii

Dolphin Gull

Coastal S Amercia

Larus modestus

Leucophaeus modestus

Gray Gull

coastal SW Ecuador to SC Chile

Larus atricilla

megalopterus

Leucophaeus atricilla

megalopterus

USA south to S Peru and N Brazil

Larus atricilla

atricilla

Leucophaeus atricilla

atricilla

Laughing Gull (Aztecs Gull in German)

West Indies

Larus pipixcan

Leucophaeus pipixcan

Franklin's Gull

SC Canada to SC Chile

Larus fuliginosus

Leucophaeus fuliginosus

Lava Gull

Galapagos Is.

Larus melanocephalus

Ichthyaetus melanocephalus

Mediterranean Gull (Black-headed Gull in German)

W Europe, NW Africa, Mediterranean

Larus audouinii

Ichthyaetus audouinii

Audouin's Gull

Mediterranean >> south to Senegal and Gambia

Larus relictus **

Larus relictus

Ichthyaetus relictus

Relict Gull

SE Kazakhstan to E China

Larus leucophthalmus ^

Larus leucophthalmus

Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus

White-eyed Gull

Red Sea, Gulf of Aden

Larus hemprichii

Ichthyaetus hemprichii

Sooty Gull

S Pakistan to Tanzania

Larus ichthyaetus

Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus

Pallas's Gull or Great Black-headed Gull

E Mediterranea to NW Mongolia

Larus pacificus

georgii

Larus pacificus

georgii

W, SW and SC Australia

Gabianus pacificus

Larus pacificus ***

pacificus

Larus pacificus

pacificus

Pacific Gull

SE Australia, Tasmania

Larus belcheri

belcheri

Larus belcheri

belcheri

Larus belcheri

Band-tailed > (2003) Belcher's Gull

Coastal N Peru to C Chile

Larus belcheri

atlanticus

Larus belcheri

atlanticus

Larus atlanticus ***

Larus atlanticus

Olrog's Gull

Coastal NE Argentina to Uruguay

Larus crassirostris

Japanese Gull > (2003) Black-tailed Gull

Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, E China

Larus heermanni

Heermann's Gull

NW Mexico to coastal W USA

Larus canus

canus

Larus canus

canus

Larus canus

canus

Larus canus

canus

Mew Gull

Iceland to Persian Gulf

Larus canus

heinei

Larus canus

heinei

NC Russia to Pakistan

Larus kamtschatschensis ^

Larus kamtschatschensis

Larus canus

kamtschatschensis

Larus canus

kamtschatschensis

Eastern Mew Gull

NE Siberia >> Japan, E China

Larus canus

brachyrhynchus

Larus canus

brachyrhynchus

Larus canus

brachyrhynchus

Larus canus

brachyrhynchus

Alaska to N Baja California

Larus delawarensis

Ring-billed Gull

S Canada to West Indies

Larus californicus

albertaensis

Larus californicus

albertaensis

Larus californicus

albertaensis

SC Northwest Territories to W Mexico

Larus californicus

californicus

Larus californicus

californicus

Larus californicus

californicus

California Gull

NW USA to W Mexico

Larus occidentalis

livens

Larus livens

Yellow-footed Gull

NW Mexico >> extreme SE California

Larus occidentalis

occidentalis

Larus occidentalis

occidentalis

Larus occidentalis

occidentalis

Larus occidentalis

occidentalis

Western Gull

Coastal W USA

Larus occidentalis

wymani

Larus occidentalis

wymani

Larus occidentalis

wymani

Larus occidentalis

wymani

Coastal SW USA to NW Mexico

Larus dominicanus

Kelp Gull

Larus dominicanus

austrinus

Antarctica

Larus dominicanus

Southern Black-backed Gull

Larus dominicanus

dominicanus

South America, Falkland Is., South Georgia, Australia and New Zealand

Larus dominicanus

judithae

subantarctic islands of the Indian Ocean

Larus dominicanus

melisandae

S Madagascar

Larus dominicanus

vetula

South Africa

Larus fuscus

graellsii

Larus fuscus

graellsii

Larus fuscus

graellsii

Larus fuscus

graellsii

Iceland, Faroe Is., W Europe, E coast USA, W Africa

Larus fuscus

intermedius

Larus fuscus

intermedius

W Europe, W Africa

Larus fuscus

fuscus

Larus fuscus

fuscus

Larus fuscus

fuscus

Larus fuscus

fuscus

Lesser Black-backed Gull (Herring Gull in German)

Baltic Sea >> NE and E Africa, SW Asia

Larus argentatus

heuglini

Larus argentatus

heuglini ***

Larus fuscus

heuglini ***

Larus fuscus

heuglini

N Russia >> E Africa, N continental SE Asia

Larus argentatus

antelius

1994

Larus cachinnans *

barabensis **

Larus fuscus

barabensis

"Steppe Gull" or "Baraba Gull"

C Asia >> SW Asia

Larus argentatus

smithsonianus

Larus argentatus

smithsonianus

Larus argentatus

smithsonianus

┐

Larus argentatus

omissus

Larus argentatus

omissus

Larus argentatus

birulae

Larus argentatus

birulae

Larus argentatus

lusitanius

Larus argentatus

argenteus

Larus argentatus

argenteus

Larus argentatus

argenteus

Iceland, Faroe Is., W Europe >> south to N Iberia

Larus argentatus

argentatus

Larus argentatus

argentatus

Larus argentatus

argentatus

Larus argentatus

argentatus

Herring Gull (Silver Gull in German); argentatus = silvery

Denmark to E Kola Pen. >> N and W Europe

Larus argentatus

vegae

Larus argentatus

vegae

Larus argentatus

vegae

┐

Larus armenicus

Armenian Gull

NW Iran to Caucasus >> N Red Sea, E Mediterranean and SE Black Sea

Larus argentatus

atlantis

Larus argentatus

atlantis

1994

Larus cachinnans *

atlantis

Larus michahellis

atlantis

Azores, Madeira, Canary Is.

Larus argentatus

michahellis

Larus argentatus

michahellis

1994

Larus cachinnans *

michahellis

Larus michahellis

michahellis

Yellow-legged Gull (Mediterranean Gull in German)

W and S Europe, NW Africa, Mediterranean

Larus argentatus

cachinnans

Larus argentatus

cachinnans

1994

Larus cachinnans *

cachinnans

Larus cachinnans

Caspian Gull (now Steppe Gull in German); cachinnans = laughing

Black Sea to Caspian Sea and Kazakhstan >> south to SW Asia

Larus argentatus

vegae

Larus smithsonianus └

vegae

Vega Gull

Larus vegae *

vegae

NE Siberia >> Japan, Korea, E and SE China

Larus argentatus

mongolicus

1994

Larus cachinnans *

mongolicus **

Larus smithsonianus

mongolicus

Larus vegae

mongolicus

E Kazakhstan, SE Altai, Baikal, Mongolia >> Korea and NE to SE China

Larus argentatus

smithsonianus

└

Larus smithsonianus

smithsonianus

American Herring Gull (American Silver Gull in German)

C Alaska to Newfoundland >> south to Central America

Larus thayeri ^

Larus thayeri

Thayer's Gull

Larus glaucoides

thayeri **

Arctic Canada, NW Greenland >> coastal W North America

Larus glaucoides ***

Larus glaucoides

glaucoides

Larus glaucoides

glaucoides

Iceland Gull

[Meyer, 1822 #2657]

Larus glaucoides

kumlieni

Larus glaucoides

kumlieni

NE Canada (S Baffin I., Coats I., E Southampton I.) >> SE Canada, NE USA

Larus schistisagus

Slaty-backed Gull

Russian Far East and N Japan >> south to Taiwan

Larus glaucescens

Glaucous-winged Gull

S Alaska and NW USA >> Bering Sea to N Japan and Baja California

Larus hyperboreus

hyperboreus

Larus hyperboreus

hyperboreus

Larus hyperboreus

hyperboreus

Glaucous Gull

N Europe and NW Siberia

Larus hyperboreus

pallidissimus

Larus hyperboreus

pallidissimus

Larus hyperboreus

pallidissimus

Taymyr Pen. to Bering Sea >> south to S Alaska and Japan

Larus hyperboreus

barrovianus

Larus hyperboreus

barrovianus

Larus hyperboreus

barrovianus

Coastal W and N Alaska to NW Canada >> Aleutian Is. to N California

Larus hyperboreus

leuceretes

Larus hyperboreus

leuceretes

Larus hyperboreus

leuceretes

N Canada, Iceland >> Newfoundland to North Carolina; Great Lakes

Larus marinus

Great Black-backed Gull

E North America south to West Indies, east to White Sea, SW Europe

1980 H&M

1990 H&M

2003 H&M

2013 H&M

2021 IOC

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

species

subspecies

if different from H&M 2013

* Voous 1973: Larus sabini

* Clements 1991~2007: Larus scoresbii

* "Yellow-legged Gull" as in Clements 1974~2007; "Eastern Herring Gull" in Russia as legs of cachinnans ssp don't match the yellow of michahellis

* Clements since 2002

** Peters: Larus melanocephalus relictus

* Clements 1974~1991; 2019-: Leucophaeus scoresbii

* "Yellow-legged Gull" in (1955) W.B. Alexander's 'Birds of the Ocean'; by the early 1980s in German renamed into "White-headed Gull"

** as in Voous 1973, and Sibley-Monroe 1993

*** Peters: Larus leucopterus

** Clements 1991~2007: Larus scopulinus (Red-billed Gull)

** Clements 2000~2001 and 2008~2014; 2002~2007: Larus vegae mongolicus , Larus barabensis

** Peters: Larus argantatus thayeri

^ "Mayr and Short" Species Taxa of North American Birds

** Clements from 2015: Larus argentatus mongolicus (also Peters), Larus fuscus barabensis

cursive: Peters, also Larus argentatus thayeri

*** Clements 2002~2007: Larus heuglini

*** Clements since 1991 (hartlaubii also 1974~1980 as King Gull)

Note the manifold species variety to which the mongolicus subspecies has been granted; known as Larus mongolicus in North-east Asia

red: first year

blue: last year

sorting key: H&M 2013

Sources: avibase.bsc-eoc.org, ubio.org, www.worldbirdnames.org

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