Cronquist 1981 > Kew 2023 (genera)

Cronq

species

Kew

Kew

species

1981 vs

new

segre-

rein-

family

syno

APG

>: genus included within existing genus; <: new genus (partly) originating from existing genus; year: introduction year of genus

some genera may also be at Cronquist

Cronquist APG

1981

1992

2023

2023

plant

gated

stated

change

-nym

I 1998; II 2003; III 2009; IV 2016

from/into (mainly)

APG-IV order

Cronquist APG

type genus. new: new plant; segregated: new genus; synonym: no longer in use; reinstated: ex-synonym; homonym: resembling genus

increasing Cronquist's number of genera

flowering plants

12092

222800

13495

13671

345796

+1579

485

1861

1316

1482

2512

flowering plants

↖ genus now in family in family above; ↙ genus now in family below; green: (synonymized after 2020) still accepted at WFO 2023

Kew 1992 (Vascular plant families and genera by R. K. Brummit)

dicotyledons

9388

171944

10733

10918

263668

+1530

368

1449

1021

1457

1811

dicotyledons

synonyms may be merged into more genera than the one indicated; in between genera (not in 1981, nor in 2023) not always displayed

families in italics not elsewhere in survey

second part

monocotyledons

2704

50856

2762

2753

82128

+49

117

412

295

25

701

monocotyledons

Below is a comparison between Cronquist 1981 and Kew 2022/2023; some in between changes in the column at the right

WFO recent changes

MAGNOLIOPSIDA (dicotyledons)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA (dicotyledons)

1. Subclass Magnoliidae

Subclass Magnoliidae

1. Order Magnoliales

Order Magnoliales

1. Winteraceae

9

95

4

5

93

-4

-4

Winter's bark family

Canellales

Winteraceae

Drimys. synonyms: Belliolum, Bubbia, Tetrathalamus, Exospermum > Zygogynum

Tasmannia synonym of Drimys

2. Degeneriaceae

1

1

1

1

2

Masiratu family

Magnoliales

Degeneriaceae

Degeneria (in Winteraceae at Hutchinson 1964)

3. Himantandraceae

1

1

1

1

1

Pigeonberry ash family

Magnoliales

Himantandraceae

Himantandra

4. Eupomatiaceae

1

2

1

1

3

Bolwarra family

Magnoliales

Eupomatiaceae

Eupomatia

5. Austrobaileyaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Austrobaileya family

Austrobaileyales

Austrobaileyaceae

Austrobaileya

6. Magnoliaceae

12

172

7

2

342

-10

-10

Magnolia or tulip tree family

Magnoliales

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia. synonyms: Alcimandra, Aromadendron, Elmerrillia, Manglietia, Michelia, Kmeria, Pachylarnax, Paramichelia, Talauma, Tsoongiodendron > Magnolia

Elmerrillia, Manglietia, Michelia, Kmeria, Pachylarnax here still accepted

7. Lactoridaceae

1

1

1

-1

Lactoris family

into Aristolochiaceae

Piperales

Lactoridaceae

Lactoris

8. Annonaceae

130

2300

125

111

2454

-17

+8

+10

+10

-45

Custard apple or soursop family

Magnoliales

Annonaceae

Annona. new: (Cleistopetalum 1996 > Monoon), (Craibella 2004 > Pseuduvaria), (Cleistopetalum 1996 > Polyalthia), Dendrokingstonia (1982), Leoheo (2018), Mwasumbia (2009), Sanrafaelia (1996), Sirdavidia (2015); segregated: Annickia (1990, < Enantia), Dendrokingstonia (1982, < Kingstonia), Huberantha (2015, < Polyalthia), Klarobelia (1998), Maasia (2008), Mosannona (1998), Polyalthiopsis (2018 < Polyalthia), Pseudomalmea (1998 < Malmea), Wangia (2014 < Polyalthia), Wuodendron (2018, < Desmos); reinstated: Afroguatteria (< 1992), Cleistochlamys (< 1992), Drepananthus (2010), Fenerivia (2011), Friesodielsia (< 1992), Mitrella (< 1992), Monocarpia (< 1992), Monoon (2012), Phoenicanthus (< 1992), Pyramidanthe (± 2012)

Ancana > Meiogyne Fitzalania > Meiogyne Melodorum > Uvaria Mezzettiopsis > Orophea Drepananthus synonym of Cyathocalyx Fenerivia synonym of Polyalthia

9. Myristicaceae

15

300

18

21

524

+4

+1

+4

-1

Nutmeg family

Magnoliales

Myristicaceae

Myristica. new: Doyleanthus (2003); segregated: Bicuiba (1991), Endocomia (1984), Neobrochoneura (2020), Paramyristica (1994); synonyms: Cephalosphaera > Brochoneura

10. Canellaceae

6

20

6

5

21

-1

-1

Canela-bark family

Canellales

Canellaceae

Canella. Capsicodendron > Cinnamodendron (already done so by Hutchinson 1964)

2. Order Laurales

Order Laurales

1. Amborellaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Amborella family

Amborellales

Amborellaceae

Amborella (in Monimiaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

2. Trimeniaceae

2

5

1

1

8

-1

-1

Bittervine family

Austrobaileyales

Trimeniaceae

Trimenia. Piptocalyx > Trimenia

3. Monimiaceae

30~35

450

39

27

272

-8

+3

+3

-8

-6

Boldo family

Laurales

Monimiaceae

Monimia. new: Grazielanthus (2008), Hemmantia (2007), Parakibara (1985); segregated: (Faika 1985 > Kairoa), Laureliopsis (1983, < Laurelia), Pendressia (2018, < Wilkiea); synonyms: Anthobembix > Steganthera, Carnegiea > Hedycarya, Hedycaryopsis > Ephippiandra, Phanerogamocarpus > Tambourissa, Schrameckia > Tambourissa, Tetrasynandra > Steganthera

Carnegieodoxa > Hedycarya Faika (1985) > Kairoa

Atherospermataceae

I

↘

6

20

0

Southern sassafrase family

from Monimiaceae

Laurales

Atherospermataceae

Atherosperma

Siparunaceae

I

↘

2

54

0

-1

Fevertree family

from Monimiaceae

Laurales

Siparunaceae

Siparuna. synonyms: Bracteanthus > Siparuna

4. Gomortegaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Keule family

Laurales

Gomortegaceae

Gomortega

5. Calycanthaceae

3

5

3

3

10

+1

-1

Sweetshrub or spicebush family

Laurales

Calycanthaceae

Calycanthus. Sinocalycanthus > Calycanthus

6. Idiospermaceae

1

1

1

↗

-1

Idiospermum family

into Calycanthaceae

Laurales

Idiospermaceae

↖ Idiospermum

7. Lauraceae

30~50

2000

49

56

3324

+1

+2

+10

+2

-1

-12

(Bay-)laurel family

Laurales

Lauraceae

Laurus. Valvanthera moved to Hernandiaceae; new: Paraia (1991), Yasunia (2010); segregated: Alseodaphnopsis (2017 < Alseodaphne), Aspidostemon (1987 < Cryptocarya), Chlorocardium (1991 < Ocotea), Kubitzkia (1986 < Systemonodaphne), Kuloa (2020 < Ocotea), Parasassafras (1984 < Actinodaphne), Rhodostemonodaphne (1986), Sextonia (1998 < Nectandra), Sinopora (2008 < Syndiclis), Williamodendron (1987 < Mezilaurus); reinstated: Damburneya (2016 < Nectandra), Mespilodaphne (2019); synonyms: Apollonias > Persea, Brassiodendron > Endiandra, Iteadaphne > Lindera, Misanteca > Licaria, Nobeliodendron > Licaria, Ravensara > Cryptocarya, Sassafridium > Mespilodaphne, Stemmatodaphne > Alseodaphne, Synandrodaphne > Rhodostemonodaphne, Systemonodaphne > Kubitzkia, Temmodaphne > Cinnamomum, Thouvenotia > Beilschmiedia; hemihomonym: Micropora (moss animal) >= Hexapora

Clinostemon synonym of Licaria Machilus synonym of Persea Sinosassafras (1985) > Lindera Syndiclis synonym of Potameia

8. Hernandiaceae

4

60

4

4

70

+1

-1

Lantern-tree family

Laurales

Hernandiaceae

Hernandia, Gyrocarpus, Illigera, Sparattanthelium; Valvanthera from Lauraceae > Hernandia

3. Order Piperales

Order Piperales

1. Chloranthaceae

5

75

4

4

73

-1

-1

Pearl-orchid family

Chloranthales

Chloranthaceae

Chloranthus. synonyms: Ascarinopsis > Ascarina

2. Saururaceae

5

7

5

4

6

-1

-1

Lizard's-tail family

Piperales

Saururaceae

Saururus. ↙ Circaeocarpus > Piperaceae (Piper)

3. Piperaceae

10

1700

10

5

3825

-4

+1

-5

Pepper family

Piperales

Piperaceae

Piper. synonyms: Lindeniopiper, Macropiper, Pothomorphe, Sarcorhachis, Trianaeopiper > Piper

Arctottonia > Piper

4. Order Aristolochiales

order into:

Order Aristolochiales

1. Aristolochiaceae

8~10

600

8

8

719

-1

+3

-4

Birthwort family

Piperales

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia. Lactoris from Lactoridaceae; Hydnora, Prosopanche from Hydnoraceae; synonyms: Hexastylis > Asarum, Holostylis > Aristolochia, Isotrema > Aristolochia, Pararistolochia > Aristolochia

5. Order Illiciales

order into:

Order Illiciales

1. Illiciaceae

1

40

↘

-1

Star-arise family

into Schisandraceae

Austrobaileyales

Illiciaceae

↙ Illicium

2. Schisandraceae

2

50

2

3

81

+1

+1

Schisandra > Star-anise family

Austrobaileyales

Schisandraceae

Schisandra

6. Order Nymphaeales

Order Nymphaeales

3. Barclayaceae

1

4

↗

-1

Barclaya family

into Schisandraceae

Nymphaeales

Barclayaceae

↖ Barclaya

1. Nelumbonaceae

1

2

1

1

2

(Sacred-)Lotus family

Proteales

Nelumbonaceae

Nelumbo

2. Nymphaeaceae

5

50

6

5

87

+1

-1

Water lily family

Nymphaeales

Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea. synonyms: Ondinea > Nymphaea

4. Cabombaceae

2

8

2

2

7

Water shield or fanwort family

Nymphaeales

Cabombaceae

Cabomba, Brasenia

5. Ceratophyllaceae

1

6

1

1

6

Coontail or hornwort family

Ceratophyllales

Ceratophyllaceae

Ceratophyllum

7. Order Ranunculales

Order Ranunculales

1. Ranunculaceae

50

2000

52

51

3842

0

+1

+3

+11

-15

Buttercup or crowfoot family

Ranunculales

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus. new: Metanemone (1980); segregated: Callianthemoides (1992 < Callianthemum), Gymnaconitum (2013 < Aconitum), Peltocalathos (1992 < Ranunculus); reinstated: Anemonastrum (> 2012), Anemonoides (< 2012), Arcteranthis (± 2012), Cyrtorhyncha (± 2012), Eriocapitella (1995 < Anemone), Halerpestes (1995 < Ranunculus), Leptopyrum (1993 < Isopyrum), Megaleranthis (> 2012 < Trollius), Pulsatilla (< 1992 < Anemone), Staphisagria (> 2012), Urophysa (< 1992 < Isopyrum/Semiaquilegia); synonyms: Anemonidium > Anemonastrum, Barneoudia > Knowltonia, Ceratocephala > Ranunculus, Cimicifuga > Actaea, Clematopsis > Clematis, Consolida > Delphinium, Gampsoceras > Ranunculus, Garidella > Nigella, Laccopetalum > Ranunculus, Myosurus > Ranunculus, Naravelia > Clematis, Oreithales > Knowltonia, Paropyrum > Isopyrum, Schlagintweitiella > Thalictrum, Souliea > Actaea

Miyakea > Pulsatilla Psychrophila > Caltha Glaucidium in Glaucidiaceae Megaleranthis synonym of Eranthis

WFO moved Glaucidium from Ranunculaceae to Papaveraceae in December 2022 Leucocoma > Thalictrum

2. Circaeasteraceae

2

2

1

2

2

0

Witch's-star family

Ranunculales

Circaeasteraceae

Circaeaster

Kingdonia in Ranunculaceae

WFO moved Kingdonia to Ranunculaceae in May 2019

3. Berberidaceae

13

650

18

13

742

-2

-2

Barberry family

Ranunculales

Berberidaceae

Berberis. synonyms: Diphylleia > Podophyllum, Mahonia > Berberis

Aceranthus > Epimedium Dysosma > Podophyllum Sinopodophyllum (1979) > Podophyllum

4. Sargentodoxaceae

1

1

1

↘

-1

Sagentodoxa family

into Lardizabalaceae

Ranunculales

Sargentodoxaceae

↙ Sagentodoxa

5. Lardizabalaceae

8

30

8

7

40

-1

+1

-2

Zabala-fruit family

Ranunculales

Lardizabalaceae

Lardizabala. synonyms: Archakebia > Akebia, Parvatia > Stauntonia

6. Menispermaceae

70

400

73

75

544

+5

+3

+3

-1

Moonseed family

Ranunculales

Menispermaceae

Menispermum. segregated: (Cionomene, 1979) > Elephantomene, Parapachygone (2007 < Pachygone), Rupertiella (2019 < Anomospermum); reinstated: Elissarrhena (2016 < Anomospermum), Hyalosepalum (2017 < Tinospora), Perichasma (2015 < Stephania); synonyms: Synandropus > Odontocarya

7. Coriariaceae

1

5

1

1

23

Tanner-bush family

Cucurbitales

Coriariaceae

Coriaria

8. Sabiaceae

3

62

1

3

160

Pabo-hua family

Proteales

Sabiaceae

Sabia

Meliosma, Ophiocaryon in Meliosmaceae

8. Order Papaverales

order into:

Order Papaverales

1. Papaveraceae

25

200

41

46

1054

+23

+3

+5

+19

-4

Poppy family

Ranunculales

Papaveraceae

Papaver. segregated: Ehrendorferia (1997 < Dicentra), Ichtyoselmis (1997 < Dicentra), Oreomecon (2021); reinstated: Cathcartia (2017), Coreanomecon (> 2012), Lamprocapnos (1997), Platystigma (> 2012), Trigonocapnos (1986 < Fumaria); synonyms: Hesperomecon > Platystigma, Phacocapnos > Cysticapnos, Roborowskia > Corydalis, Stylomecon > Papaver

Cathcartia synonym of Meconopsis Coreanomecon synonym of Chelidonium Platystigma synonym of Meconella

Hesperomecon > Platystigma Stylomecon > Papaver

2. Fumariaceae

19

400

↗

-19

Fumitor family

into Papaveraceae

Ranunculales

Fumariaceae

Adlumia, Capnoides, Ceratocapnos, Corydalis, Cryptocapnos, Cysticapnos, Dactylicapnos, Dicentra, Discocapnos, Fumaria, Fumariola, Hypecoum, Phacocapnos, Platycapnos, Pseudofumaria, Pteridophyllum, Roborowskia, Rupicapnos, Sarcocapnos

2. Subclass Hamameli(di)dae

Subclass Hamameli(di)dae

1. Order Trochodendrales

Order Trochodendrales

1. Tetracentraceae

1

1

1

↘

-1

Tetracentron family

into Trochodendraceae

Trochodendrales

Tetracentraceae

↙ Tetracentron

2. Trochodendraceae

1

1

1

2

2

+1

+1

Wheel-tree or Yama-Kuruma family

Trochodendrales

Trochodendraceae

Trochodendron

2. Order Hamamelidales

order into:

Order Hamamelidales

1. Cercidiphyllaceae

1

2

1

1

2

Caramel-tree family

Saxifragales

Cercidiphyllaceae

Cercidiphyllum

2. Eupteleaceae

1

2

1

1

2

Asian-elm family

Ranunculales

Eupteleaceae

Euptelea (in Trochodendraceae at Hutchinson 1964)

3. Platanaceae

1

6

1

1

10

Plane-tree family

Proteales

Platanaceae

Platanus

4. Hamamelidaceae

26

100

29

26

113

-1

+2

0

+1

-2

-2

Witch-hazel family

Saxifragales

Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelis. ↙ Altingia, Liquidambar; new: Noahdendron (1985), (Shaniodendron 1992) > Parrotia; reinstated: Chunia (1981 < Mytilaria); synonyms: Tetrathyrium > Loropetalum

Altingiaceae

I

1

15

+2

-1

Sweetgum family

from Hamamelidaceae

Saxifragales

Altingiaceae

Altingia. synonyms: Altingia > Liquidambar

5. Myrothamnaceae

1

2

1

1

2

Resurrection-shrub family

Gunnerales

Myrothamnaceae

Myrothamnus

3. Order Daphniphyllales

order into:

Order Daphniphyllales

1. Daphniphyllaceae

1

35

1

1

29

Laurel-leaf family

Saxifragales

Daphniphyllaceae

Daphniphyllum

4. Order Didymelales

order into:

Order Didymelales

1. Didymelaceae

1

2

1

-1

Didymeles family

into Buxaceae

Buxales

Didymelaceae

Didymeles

ex-Euphorbiales

5. Order Eucommiales

order into:

Order Eucommiales

1. Eucommiaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Chinese-rubbertree family

Garryales

Eucommiaceae

Eucommia

6. Order Urticales

order into:

Order Urticales

1. Barbeyaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Elm-olive family

Rosales

Barbeyaceae

Barbeya

2. Ulmaceae

18

150

15

7

66

-9

-8

-1

Elm family

Rosales

Ulmaceae

Ulmus. ↙ Aphananthe, Celtis, Chaetachme, Gironniera, Lozanella, Pteroceltis, Trema, Parasponia moved from Ulmaceae to Cannabaceae; synonyms: Mirandaceltis > Aphananthe

Chaetachme at WFO still in Ulmaceae

3. Cannabaceae

2

3

2

9

107

+7

+1

+8

-2

Hemp family

Rosales

Cannabaceae

Cannabis. Above mentioned 8 genera from Ulmaceae; synonyms: (Humulopsis 1988) > Humulus, Parasponia > Trema

4. Moraceae

40

1000

37

48

1306

+10

+2

+11

-3

Mulberry or fig family

Rosales

Moraceae

Morus. segregated: Afromorus (2021), Hijmania (2016 < Dorstenia); reinstated: Allaeanthus (2017 < Broussonetia), Ampalis (2020 < Streblus), Maillardia (2020 < Trophis), Malaisia (2020 < Trophis), Milicia (1982 < Maclura), Olmedia, Paratrophis, Pseudostreblus, Sloetia, Sloetiopsis, Taxotrophis, all (2020 < Streblus); synonyms: Bosqueia > Trilepisium, Helianthostylis > Brosimum, Trymatococcus > Brosimum; (2020 reinstatements earlier at Hutchinson 1967)

5. Cecropiaceae

6

276

6

↘

-6

Cecropia family

into Urticaceae

Rosales

Cecropiaceae

↙ Cecropia, Coussapoa, Musanga, Myrianthus, Conocephalus/Poikilospermum, Pourouma

6. Urticaceae

45

700

48

59

2088

+14

+4

+1

+9

+6

-6

Nettle family

Rosales

Urticaceae

Urtica. new: Capsulea (2021), Haroldiella (1997) > Pilea, Metapilea (2016), Zhengyia (2013); segregated: Archiboehmeria (1980 < Debregeasia); reinstated: Achudemia, Dendrocnide (1997 < Laportea), Didymodoxa (1985 < Australina), Elatostematoides (2019 < Elatostema), Gonostegia (< 2012), Metatrophis (was unplaced), Nothocnide (< 1992 < Pipturus), Oreocnide, Scepocarpus; synonyms: Achudemia > Pilea and back, Helxine > Parietaria, Meniscogyne > Lecanthus, Haroldiella > Pilea, Sarcopilea > Pilea, Villebrunea > Oreocnide

Aboriella (1981) > Pilea Hyrtanandra > Gonostegia Parsana synonym of Laportea Pellionia synonym of Elatostema

7. Order Leitneriales

order into:

Order Leitneriales

1. Leitneriaceae

1

1

1

Corkwood family

into Simaroubaceae

Sapindales

Leitneriaceae

Leitneria

8. Order Juglandales

order into:

Order Juglandales

1. Rhoipteleaceae

1

1

1

↘

-1

Rhoiptelea family

into Juglandaceae

Fagales

Rhoipteleaceae

↙ Rhoiptelea

2. Juglandaceae

7~8

60

8

9

81

+1

+1

Walnut family

Fagales

Juglandaceae

Juglans

9. Order Myricales

order into:

Order Myricales

1. Myricaceae

3

50

3

3

51

Bayberry or waxberry family

Fagales

Myricaceae

Myrica

10. Order Fagales

Order Fagales

1. Balanopaceae

1

9

1

1

9

Pimplebark family

Malpighiales

Balanopaceae

Balanops

2. Fagaceae

6~8

800

8

8

1155

+1

-1

Oak or beech family

Fagales

Fagaceae

segregated: Notholithocarpus (2008); ↙ Nothofagus

3. Nothofagaceae (88)

1

1

42

+1

Roble family

Fagales

Nothofagaceae ('88)

Nothofagus

4. Betulaceae

6

120

2

6

204

Birch family

Fagales

Betulaceae

Betula

remaining in Corylaceae

Ticodendraceae

I

1

1

1

+1

Tico-tree family

from Betulaceae

Fagales

Ticodendraceae

Ticodendraceae (1991); Ticodendron (1989), initially "close to Betulaceae"

11. Order Casuarinales

order into:

Order Casuarinales

1. Casuarinaceae

1

50

4

4

91

+3

+1

+2

She-oak family

Fagales

Casuarinaceae

Casuarina. new: Ceuthostoma (1988); segregated: Allocasuarina (1982 < Casuarina), Gymnostoma (1980 < Casuarina)

3. Subclass Caryophyllidae

Subclass Caryophyllidae

1. Order Caryophyllales

Order Caryophyllales

1. Phytolaccaceae

18

125

15

5

35

-11

+1

0

-12

Pokeweed family

Caryophyllales

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca. new: Nowickea (1989)

Agdestis in Agdestidaceae

Agdestis at WFO from Phytolaccaceae to Agdestidaceae in December 2022

Barbeuiaceae

II

1

1

1

+1

Liane-Barbeu family

from Phytolaccaceae

Caryophyllales

Barbeuiaceae

Barbeuia (Barbeuiaceae earlier at Cronquist 1968/Hutchinson 1967)

Gisekiaceae

II

1

1

7

+1

Stork's-henna family

from Phytolaccaceae

Caryophyllales

Gisekiaceae

Gisekia (Gisekiaceae earlier at Cronquist 1968/Hutchinson 1967)

Petiveriaceae

IV

9

22

+9

Henwood family

from Phytolaccaceae

Caryophyllales

Petiveriaceae

Petiveria, Gallesia, Hilleria, Ledenbergia, Monococcus, Rivina, Schindleria, Seguieria, Trichostigma; (Petiveriaceae earlier at Cronquist 1968/Hutchinson 1967)

Stegnospermataceae

I

1

1

4

+1

Cuban-tangle family

from Phytolaccaceae

Caryophyllales

Stegnospermataceae

Stegnosperma (Stegnospermataceae earlier at Cronquist 1968/Hutchinson 1967)

2. Achatocarpaceae

2

8

2

2

14

Snake-eyes family

Caryophyllales

Achatocarpaceae

Achatocarpus

3. Nyctaginaceae

30

300

38

32

455

-1

+1

0

+2

-4

Four o'clock family

Caryophyllales

Nyctaginaceae

Nyctaginia. new: Belemia (1981); reinstated: Ceodes (2014 < Pisonia), Rockia (2020 < Pisonia); synonyms: Boldoa > Salpianthus, Grajalesia > Pisonia, Hermidium > Mirabilis, Oxybaphus > Mirabilis

Allioniella, Hesperonia > Mirabilis Ammocodon, Selinocarpus > Acleisanthes

Izabalaea > Agonandra, Opiliaceae

4. Aizoaceae

12

2500

128

121

1810

+109

+2

+94

+16

-3

Dewplant family

Caryophyllales

Aizoaceae

Aizoon. Mesembryanthemum split into ± 100 genera, leaving Acrosanthes, Aizoanthemum, Aizoon, Cypselea (> Sesuvium), Galenia (> Aizoon), Gunnia (> Gunniopsis), Plinthus (> Aizoon), Sesuvium, Tetragonia, Trianthema, Tribulocarpus, Zaleya; Piquetia > Erepsia from Theaceae; new: Malotigena (2012), Vlokia (1994); segregated: Aizoanthemopsis (2017 < Aizoanthemum), Drosanthemopsis (1982); ± 100 species Antimima (1998 < mostly Ruschia); reinstated: Amphibolia (1998 < Mesembryanthemum), (Bijlia 1992) > Pleiospilos, Brianhuntleya (2003), Hallianthus (1983 < Leipoldtia), Hammeria (1998), Hartmanthus (1995 < Delosperma), Jordaaniella (1983), Lemonanthemum (2020 < Drosanthemum), Mestoklema (1981 < Mesembryanthemum), Phiambolia (2003), (Phyllobolus 2006 > Mesembryanthemum), Roosia (2017 < Esterhuysenia), Ruschiella (2005), Scopelogena (2000 < Ruschia), Tanquana (1986), Vanheerdea (1992 < Rimaria); synonyms: Cypselea > Sesuvium, Ectotropis > Delosperma, Galenia > Aizoon

Aethephyllum, Dorotheanthus > Cleretum Aptenia, Aspazoma, Brownanthus, Dactylopsis, Pseudobrownanthus, Psilocaulon > Mesembryanthemum Berrisfordia, Herreanthus, Ophthalmophyllum > Conophytum Bijlia > Pleiospilos; Plinthus > Aizoon Caryotophora > Skiatophytum

Corpuscularia > Delosperma Herrea > Conicosia Imitaria > Gibbaeum Odontophorus > Cheiridopsis Polymita > Schlechteranthus Ruschianthemum > Stoeberia Arenifera, Aridaria, Synaptophyllum, Phyllobolus > Mesembryanthemum

5. Didiereaceae

4

11

4

6

21

+2

+3

-1

Octopus-tree family

Caryophyllales

Didiereaceae

Didierea. Calyptrotheca, Ceraria, Portulacaria from Portulacaceae; synonyms: Ceraria > Portulacaria

6. Cactaceae

30~200+

1500

100

150

1901

+40

+3

+17

+30

-10

Cactus Family

Caryophyllales

Cactaceae

Mammillaria. new: Cremnocereus (2017), (Estevesia 2009) > Harrisia, Lasiocereus (1981), (Kimnachia 2017) > Pseudorhipsalis, (Rimacactus 2001) > Eriosyce; segregated: Acharagma (1997 < Escobaria), Chichimecactus, Cumulopuntia (1980), Geohintonia (1992), Kadenicarpus (1998), Kroenleinia (2014 < Echinocactus), Lagenosocereus (2002), Leuenbergeria (2012 < Pereskia), Lymanbensonia (1984 < Acanthorhipsalis), Miqueliopuntia (1980), Pfeiffera (2005), Punotia (2011 < Austrocylindropuntia), Salmonopuntia (1999), Serrulatocereus (2018), Xiquexique (2020 < Pilosocereus), Yavia (2001 < Blossfeldia), Yungasocereus (2005 < Samaipaticereus); reinstated: Airampoa (2002), Aylostera, Castellanosia (< 2012), Chamaecereus (2012), Cochemiea (2021), Deamia (2002), Leucostele (2012), (Micropuntia 2003) > Grusonia, Isolatocereus (1991), Marshallocereus (> 2012), Matucana (< 2012), Praecereus (1997), Rapicactus (2019), Rauhocereus (> 2012), (Reicheocactus 2012) > Echinopsis and back, Rhipsalidopsis (2010), Rhodocactus (2016), Setiechinopsis, Soehrensia, Vatricania (2012), Pseudomitrocereus (2012) > Cephalocereus, Austrocylindropuntia, Brasiliopuntia, Consolea, Corynopuntia, Cumulopuntia, Cylindropuntia, Grusonia, Maihueniopsis, Miqueliopuntia, Tephrocactus (all 2002 < Opuntia); synonyms: Echinofossulocactus > Echinocactus, Escobaria > Pelecyphora, Heliocereus > Disocactus, Homalocephala > Echinocactus, Hylocereus > Selenicereus, Lactomammillaria > Mammillaria, Monvillea > Praecereus, Neoabbottia > Leptocereus, Neolloydia > Cochemiea, Neoporteria > Eriosyce, Notocactus > Parodia, Pseudoacanthocereus > Strophocactus, Pygmaeocereus > Haageocereus, Soehrensia > Echinopsis, Stephanocereus > Arrojadoa, Weingartia > Rebutia; Lobivia >= Acanthocalycium

Mammilloydia > Mammillaria Neobuxbaumia > Cephalocereus Neolloydia, Ortegocactus > Cochemiea Neoporteria > Eriosyce Rathbunia > Stenocereus Aporocactus synonym of Discocactus Borzicactus synonym of Cleistocactus Dendrocereus synonym of Acanthocereus Lemaireocereus synonym of Pachycereus Lophocereus synonym of Pachycereus Nyctocereus synonym of Peniocereus Oroya synonym of Oreocereus Praecereus synonym of Cereus Trichocereus synonym of Echinopsis

Mammillaria is the type genus of the tribe Cacteae of the subfamily Cactoideae of the family Cactaceae. In fact all cacti should be named "Mammilariaceae", but the name "Cactaceae" has been conserved (Nomen conservandum). The generic name Mammillaria is also a nomen conservandum, on one hand against Linné's genus cactus, on the other hand, against an earlier homonym, the algae species Mammillaria. Linneé's genus "Cactus" was soon (in 1905) given up, because it included too many species unrelated to each other.

7. Chenopodiaceae

100

1500

113

↘

+1

+1

+4

-111

-25

Goosefoot family

mainly into Amaranthaceae

Caryophyllales

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium. Halophytum moved to Halophytaceae, Lophiocarpus moved to Lophiocarpaceae, Microtea moved to Microteaceae, Sarcobatus moved to Sarcobataceae; remaining moved to Amaranthaceae; new: Archiatriplex (1987); segregated: Eremophea (1984); reinstated: Lagenantha (1991), Halosarcia (1980) < Tecticornia and back, Sclerostegia (1980) < Tecticornia and back, Zuckia (1984) < Grayia and back; synonyms: Alexandra > Osteocarpum, Babbagia > Osteocarpum, Arthrocnemum > Salicornia, Borsczowia > Suaeda, Choriptera > Lagenantha, Cycloloma > Dysphania, Endolepis > Stutzia, Eurotia > Axyris, Halotis > Halimocnemis, Kirilowia > Bassia, Kochia > Bassia, Londesia > Bassia, Micropeplis > Halogeton, Obione > Atriplex, Pachycornia > Tecticornia, Panderia > Bassia, Rhagodia > Chenopodium, Roubieva > Dysphania, Sarcocornia > Salicornia, Scleroblitum > Blitum, Sclerostegia > Tecticornia, Tegicornia > Tecticornia

Brachylepis > Anabasis Cremnophyton > Atriplex Einadia > Chenopodium Esfandiaria > Anabasis Fredolia > Anabasis Halimione > Atriplex Halotis > Halimocnemis Helicilla > Suaeda

Senniella > Atriplex Theleophyton > Atriplex Lophiocarpus here in Phytolaccaceae Baolia synonym of Chenopodium Chenolea synonym of Bassia Gamanthus synonym of Halanthium Iljinia synonym of Haloxylon Rhaphidophyton synonym of Noaea

8. Amaranthaceae

65

900

70

184

2402

+9

+8

+22

+6

+107

-5

Amaranth or spinach family

Caryophyllales

Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus. 107 genera from Chenopodiaceae; new: Blutaparon (1982), Hebanthodes (2000), Lecosia (2000), Mangleticornia (2017), Omegandra (1993), Polyrhabda (1984), Rosifax (1991), Siamosia (1987); segregated: Arthrocaulon (2017 < Arthrocnemum), Arthroceras (2017 < Arthrocnemum), Chenopodiastrum (2012 < Chenopodium), Eokochia (2011 < Bassia), Extriplex (2010 < Atriplex), Grubovia (2011 < Kochia), Kaviria (2007), (Kelita 2010 > Ptilotus), Neokochia (2009), Neomonolepis (2018 < Monolepis), Oreosalsola (2016) < Salsola, Paraerva (2019) < Aerva, Pedersenia (1998), Pyankovia (2007), Quaternella (1990 < Gomphrena), Spirobassia (2011), Stutzia (2010), Surreya (2013), Trichuriella (1985), Turania (2007 < Salsola), Wadithamnus (2017 < Aerva), Xylosalsola (1993 < Salsola); reinstated: Caroxylon (2007), Cyphocarpa (< 2012), Hebanthe (< 2012), Lipandra (2012), Oxybasis (2012), Xerosiphon (1990); synonyms: Irenella > Iresine, Kyphocarpa > Cyphocarpa, Pseudogomphrena > Gomphrena, Pseudosericocoma > Seudosericocoma, Woehleria > Iresine

Eriochiton > Maireana Goerziella > Amaranthus Gyroptera > Lagenantha Halosarcia > Tecticornia Kalidiopsis > Kalidium Micropeplis > Halogeton Pachycornia > Tecticornia Stelligera > Sclerolaena

Halophytaceae

II

1

1

1

+1

Verdolaga family

from Amaranthaceae

Caryophyllales

Halophytaceae

Halophytum from Chenopodiaceae

Lophiocarpaceae

III

2

7

+2

Sandaarbossie family

from Chenopodiaceae

Caryophyllales

Lophiocarpaceae

Lophiocarpus from Chenopodiaceae, Corbichonia from Molluginaceae

Lophiocarpus Turcz. is unplaced at WFO

Microteaceae

IV

1

10

+1

Jumby-pepper family

from Chenopodiaceae

Caryophyllales

Microteaceae

Microteaceae (2010); Microtea from Chenopodiaceae

Microtea in Phytolaccaceae

Sarcobataceae

III

1

2

+1

Greasewood family

from Chenopodiaceae

Caryophyllales

Sarcobataceae

Sarcobataceae (1997); Sarcobatus from Chenopodiaceae

188

9

23

10

1

-30

9. Portulacaceae

20

500

25

1

153

-20

-16

-4

Purslane family

Caryophyllales

Portulacaceae

Portulaca. Dendroportulaca (1997) > Deeringia (Amaranthaceae) ↖; Calyptrotheca, Ceraria, Portulacaria moved to Didiereaceae ↑; Neopaxia > Montia (Montiaceae), Mona > Montia (Montiaceae), Spraguea > Calyptridium (Montiaceae) ↙; Talinella > Talinum (Talinaceae) ↙

Silvaea, Spraguea > Cistanthe

Anacampserotaceae

III

3

61

+3

Love-plant family

from Portulacaceae

Caryophyllales

Anacampserotaceae

Anacampserotaceae (2010); Anacampseros, Grahamia, Talinopsis from Portulacaceae

Talinaria > Anacampseros

Montiaceae

III

16

273

+3

+1

+13

-1

Blinks family

from Portulacaceae

Caryophyllales

Montiaceae

Montia. Calandrinia, Calyptridium, Cistanthe (< Calandrinia), Claytonia, Erocallis (< Lewisia), Hectorella, Lenzia, Lewisia, Lyallia, Montia, Phemeranthus (< Talinum) from Portulacaceae; segregated: Lewisiopsis (1999), Schreiteria (1985) from Portulacaceae, Thingia (2020); reinstated: Montiopsis (1993); synonyms: (Parakeelya 1998) > Rumicastrum

Hectorella, Lyallia in Hectorellaceae Monocosmia > Calandrinia

Talinaceae

III

2

28

+1

+1

Fameflower family

from Portulacaceae

Caryophyllales

Talinaceae

Talinaceae (2001); Talinum. new: Amphipetalum (1988); synonyms: Sabouraea (from Flacourtiaceae) > Talinum

10. Basellaceae

4

17

5

4

19

Malabar-spinach family

Caryophyllales

Basellaceae

Basella

Boussingaultia > Anredera

11. Molluginaceae

13

100

15

11

97

-2

+1

+1

-3

-1

Carpetweed Family

Caryophyllales

Molluginaceae

Mollugo. segregated: Paramollugo (2016 < Mollugo); reinstated: Trigastrotheca (2016 < Mollugo); synonyms: Glischrothamnus > Mollugo; Orygia portulacifolia > Talinum portulacifolium (Talinaceae) ↖; other Orygia spp. > Corbichonia moved to Lophiocarpaceae ↙

Corrigiola at Kew 1992 in Molluginaceae, by 2021, at Cronquist in Caryophyllaceae

Telephium at Kew 1992 in Molluginaceae, by 2021 in Caryophyllaceae

Kewaceae

IV

1

8

+1

Suring family

Caryophyllales

Kewaceae

new: Kewaceae (2014); new: Kewa (2014)

Limeaceae

III

1

25

+1

Lizard-foot family

from Molluginaceae

Caryophyllales

Limeaceae

Limeaceae (2005); Limeum from Molluginaceae

Macarthuriaceae

IV

1

9

+1

Macarthuria family

from Molluginaceae

Caryophyllales

Macarthuriaceae

Macarthuriaceae (2014); Macarthuria from Molluginaceae

12. Caryophyllaceae

75

2000

66

102

3328

+11

+3

+12

+18

+3

-25

Pink or carnation family

Caryophyllales

Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus. new: Pirinia (1984), Pseudocerastium (1998), Yazdana (2020); segregated: Augustea (2015 < Polycarpon), Balkana (2018 < Gypsophila), Engellaria (2021), Hartmaniella (2017 < Pseudostellaria), Himgiria (2015 < Arenaria), Mcneillia (2014 < Minuartia), Minuartiella (2014), Nubelaria (2019 < Stellaria), Petroana (2018 < Gypsophila), Pseudocherleria (2014), Rabelera (2019 < Stellaria), Shivparvatia (2015); reinstated: Adenonema (2019), Atocion (2008), Cherleria (2017), Eudianthe (2008), Facchinia (2015), Geocarpon, Gymnocarpos (2002), Heliosperma (2007 < Ixoca), Heterochroa (2018), Mononeuria (2018), Odontostemma (2016), Psammosilene (2020 < Silene), Rhodalsine (2008), Sabulina (2010), Schizotechium (2016 < Stellaria), Selleola (2013), Triplateia (2013), Viscaria (2008); synonyms: Allochrusa > Acanthophyllum, Alsinidendron > Schiedea, Ankyropetalum > Gypsophila, Bolbosaponaria > Gypsophila, Cucubalus > Silene, (Diaphanoptera, reinstated in 1980) > Acanthophyllum, Gastrolychnis > Silene, Geocarpon > Mononeuria, Kuhitangia > Acanthophyllum, Lychnis > Silene, Melandrium > Silene, Myosoton > Stellaria, Oberna > Silene, Ochotonophila > Acanthophyllus, Pleioneura > Saponaria, Plettkea > Pycnophyllopsis/Stellaria, Pseudocerastium > Cerastium, Sanctambrosia > Spergularia, Scleranthopsis > Acanthophyllum, Sclerocephalus > Gymnocarpos, Tunica > Petrorhagia, Uebelinia > Silene, Vaccaria > Gypsophila, Velezia > Dianthus; Ixoca >= Heliosperma

Brewerina > Arenaria Illecebrum (+23, incl, Corrigiola) in Illecebraceae Lochia > Gymnocarpos Pinosia > Drymaria Robbairea > Polycarpaea Siphonychia > Paronychia

WFO moved Telephium from Caryophyllaceae to Molluginaceae in May 2019

2. Order Polygonales

order into:

Order Polygonales

1. Polygonaceae

30

1000

49

55

1566

+10

+12

+1

-3

Knotweed, smartweed family

Caryophyllales

Polygonaceae

Polygonum. segregated: Aristocapsa (1989), Bactria (2016), Caelestium (2019), Dodecahema (1989), Duma (2011), Johanneshowellia (2004 < Eriogonum), Knorringia (1987), Magoniella (2011), Salta (2011), Sidotheca (2004), Systenotheca (1989); reinstated: Afrobrunnichia (2009 < Brunnichia); synonyms: Emex > Rumex, Harpagocarpus > Fagopyrum, Parapteropyrum (1981) > Fagopyrum

Aconogonon > Koenigia (Harpagocarpus) > Fagopyrum Homalocladium > Muehlenbeckia Physopyrum > Atraphaxis

3. Order Plumbaginales

order into:

Order Plumbaginales

1. Plumbaginaceae

12

400

25

21

1139

+1

+6

-5

Leadwort family

Caryophyllales

Plumbaginaceae

Plumbago. segregated: Ceratolimon (2000), Myriolimon (2005), Saharanthus (2000); synonyms: Chaetolimon > Acantholimon, (Muellerolimon 1982) > Goniolimon, (Myriolepis 2003 < Limonium) > Myriolimon, (Afrolimon 1979) > Limonium, Dyerophytum > Plumbago; Limonium was Statice before 1970s

Ghaznianthus, Gladiolimon > Acantholimon Popoviolimon > Cephalorhizum Vassilczenkoa > Chaetolimon

4. Subclass Dilleniidae

Subclass Dilleniidae

1. Order Dilleniales

Order Dilleniales

1. Dilleniaceae

10

350

11

11

542

+1

+1

0

+1

-1

Guineaflower family

Dilleniales

Dilleniaceae

Dillenia. new: Neodillenia (1997)

2. Paeoniaceae

1

30

1

1

40

Peony family

Saxifragales

Paeoniaceae

Paeonia

2. Order Theales

order into:

Order Theales

14. Quiinaceae

4

40

↘

-4

Quiina family

into Ochnaceae

Malpighiales

Quiinaceae

Quiina, Froesia, Lacunaria, Touroulia

17. Medusagynaceae

1

1

1

↘

-1

Medusagyne family

into Ochnaceae

Malpighiales

Medusagynaceae

Medusagyne

1. Ochnaceae

30

400

26

36

640

+5

+1

+2

+4

-2

Wild plane family

Malpighiales

Ochnaceae

Ochna. segregated: Perissocarpa (1984); reinstated: Campylospermum (1994), Rhabdophyllum (2008); synonyms: Gomphia > Ouratea, Lavradia > Sauvagesia

Strasburgeriaceae

III

1

2

2

+1

Tawari family

from Ochnaceae

Crossosomatales

Strasburgeriaceae

Strasburgeria from Ochnaceae, Ixerba from Grossulariaceae

2. Sphaerosepalaceae

2

14

2

2

20

Lombiry family

Malvales

Sphaerosepalaceae

Rhopalocarpus

3. Sarcolaenaceae

10

30

9

10

72

Tunic-bells family

Malvales

Sarcolaenaceae

Sarcolaena

Xerochlamys > Leptolaena (for a time)

4. Dipterocarpaceae

16

600

16

22

541

+6

+1

+3

+4

-1

-1

Shichi family

Malvales

Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpus. Brachypodandra from Tiliaceae > Vatica; Pakaraimaea moved to Cistaceae; new: Pseudomonotes (1995); segregated: Neobalanocarpus (2012 < Balanocarpus), Neohopea (2022), Rubroshorea (2022); reinstated; Anthoshorea, Doona, Pentacme, Richetia; synonyms: Balanocarpus > Hopea/Shorea

5. Caryocaraceae

2

23

2

2

26

Souari-tree family

Malpighiales

Caryocaraceae

Caryocar

6. Theaceae

40

500

25

8

356

-28

-22

-6

Tea and camellia family

Ericales

Theaceae

Camellia. Caraipa, Haploclathra, Kielmeyera moved to Calophyllaceae (earlier in Clusiaceae); Adinandra, Anneslea, Archboldiodendron, Balthasaria, Cleyera, Eurya, Euryodendron, Freziera, Symplococarpon, Ternstroemia, Visnea moved to Pentaphylacaceae; synonyms: Dankia > Camellia, Paranneslea > Anneslea in Pentaphylacacea, Piquetia > Erepsia in Aizoaceae; Laplacea > Gordonia, Ternstroemiopsis > Eurya in Pentaphylacacea, Tutcheria > Pyrenaria

Haploclathra at Kew 1992 in Clusiaceae Kielmeyera at Kew 1992 in Clusiaceae Killipiodendron > Freziera (in Pentaphylacaceae); Stuartia = Stewartia

WFO moved Archboldiodendron, Balthasaria from Pentaphylacaceae to Theaceae in May 2019

Asteropeiaceae

I

1

1

8

+1

Manoko family

from Theaceae

Caryophyllales

Asteropeiaceae

Asteropeiaceae (1990); Asteropeia from Theaceae (Flacourtiaceae at Hutchinson)

Physenaceae

I

1

1

2

+1

Balloonfruit family

from Capparaceae

Caryophyllales

Physenaceae

Physena from Capparaceae or Flacourtiaceae

Sladeniaceae

I

2

6

+2

Ribfruit family

from Theaceae

Ericales

Sladeniaceae

Sladenia, Ficalhoa from Theaceae

Bonnetiaceae

I

4

41

+4

Cascarilla family

from Theaceae

Malpighiales

Bonnetiaceae

Bonnetia, Archytaea, Neotatea (moved to Calophyllaceae), Ploiarium from Theaceae; (Bonnetiaceae at Hutchinson 1964, incl. Caraipa)

9. Pentaphylacaceae

4

1

1

12

522

+11

Saintedwood family

Ericales

Pentaphylacaceae

Pentaphylax. Adinandra, Anneslea, Archboldiodendron, Balthasaria, Cleyera, Eurya, Euryodendron, Freziera, Symplococarpon, Ternstroemia, Visnea from Theaceae

Euryodendron at WFO in Theaceae

7. Actinidiaceae

3

300

3

3

447

Kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry family

Ericales

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia, Clematoclethra, Saurauia (Sladenia at Hutchinson 1964, Saurauia in Saurauiaceae)

8. Scytopetalaceae

5

20

5

-5

Scytopetalum family

into Lecythidaceae

Ericales

Scytopetalaceae

Scytopetalum, Brazzeia, Oubanguia, Pierrina, Rhaptopetalum moved to Lecythidaceae

ex-Lecythidales

10. Tetrameristaceae

2

2

2

3

4

+1

+1

Punah family

Ericales

Tetrameristaceae

Tetramerista. Pelliciera from Pellicieraceae

11. Pellicieraceae

1

1

1

-1

Panama Mangrove family

into Tetrameristaceae

Ericales

Pellicieraceae

12. Oncothecaceae

1

1

1

1

2

Kanak-laurel family

Icacinales, 2021 > Oncothecales

Oncothecaceae

Oncotheca (in Ebenaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

13. Marcgraviaceae

5

113

5

7

135

+2

+1

+1

+1

-1

Shingle-vine family

Ericales

Marcgraviaceae

Marcgravia. segregated: Marcgraviastrum (1997), Sarcopera (1997); reinstated: Schwartzia (1989); synonyms: Pseudosarcopera > Sarcopera

Caracasia > Ruyschia

15. Elatinaceae

2

40

2

2

59

Waterwort family

Malpighiales

Elatinaceae

Elatine

16. Paracryphiaceae

1

1

1

3

36

+2

+2

Possumwood family

Paracryphiales

Paracryphiaceae

Paracryphia. Quintinia from Grossulariaceae, Sphenostemon from Aquifoliaceae

Sphenostemon in Sphenostemonaceae

18. Clusiaceae

50

1200

47

21

925

-22

+5

-17

-10

Mangosteen family

Malpighiales

Clusiaceae

Clusia. segregated: Agasthiyamalaia (2007 < Poeciloneuron, Calophyllaceae) and back to Poeciloneuron, Arawakia (2019); synonyms: Haronga > Harungana (moved to Hypericaceae), Oedematopus > Clusia, Ochrocarpos > Garcinia, Pilosperma > Clusia, Renggeria > Clusia, Rheedia > Garcinia, Tovomitidium > Tovomita, Xanthochymus  > Garcinia; Clusiaceae was previously called Guttiferae

family here still called Guttiferae Havetia > Clusia

Hypericaceae

II

6

628

+6

St. John's wort family

from Clusiaceae

Malpighiales

Hypericaceae

Hypericum, Cratoxylon=Cratoxylum, Eliea, Harungana, Psorospermum, Vismia from Clusiaceae; synonyms: Lianthus (2001, in Clusiaceae), Myriandra, Santomasia (1981, in Clusiaceae), Thornea, Triadenum all > Hypericum (Hypericaceae earlier at Hutchinson)

Calophyllaceae

III

11

419

+11

Takamaka family

from Clusiaceae

Malpighiales

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum, Clusiella, Endodesmia, Kayea, Mahurea, Mammea, Marila, Mesua, Poeciloneuron from Clusiaceae. Haploclathra (1993, in Clusiaceae), Caraipa, Kielmeyera, from Theaceae; Neotatea from Bonnetiaceae

3. Order Malvales

Order Malvales

1. Elaeocarpaceae

10

400

9

12

796

+1

+3

-2

Fairy-pettycoats family

Oxalidales

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus. Platytheca, Tetratheca, Tremandra from Tremandraceae; synonyms: Antholoma > Sloanea, Echinocarpus > Sloanea

Petenaeaceae

IV

1

1

+1

Petén-linden family

from Elaeocarpaceae

Huerteales

Petenaeaceae

Petenaeaceae (2010); Petenaea (from Elaeocarpaceae or Tiliaceae)

Muntingiaceae

I

3

3

+3

Bajelly-tree family

from Flacourtiaceae

Malvales

Muntingiaceae

Muntingiaceae (1998); Muntingia at Cronquist from Flacourtiaceae

3. Sterculiaceae

65

1000

67

-66

-11

Cacao family

into Malvaceae

Malvales

Sterculiaceae

Sterculia. synonyms: Trichostephania > Ellipanthus (Connaraceae); Aethiocarpa > Harmsia, Helmiopsis > Eriolaena, Helmiopsiella > Eriolaena, Keraudrenia > Seringia, Leptonychiopsis > Leptonychia, Nephropetalum > Ayenia, Paradombeya > Corchoropsis, Pimia > Commersonia, Rulingia > Commersonia, Tetradia > Pterygota, Veeresia > Reevesia; homonym: Fremontia >= Fremontodendron

Cotylonychia > Helmiopsiella > Eriolaena Physodium synonym of Melochia Rayleya > Ayenia

4. Bombacaceae

20~30

2000

30

-30

-2

Kapok-tree family

into Malvaceae

Malvales

Bombacaceae

Bombax. synonyms: Bombacopsis > Pachira, Chorisia > Ceiba

Cullenia synonym of Durio; Lahia > Durio

Spirotheca synonym of Ceiba

2. Tiliaceae

50

450

53

↘

-49

-7

Linden family

into Malvaceae

Malvales

Tiliaceae

Dicraspidia and Neotessmannia moved to Muntingiaceae, Brachypodandra > Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae), Cotylonychia > Pentadiplandra (Pentadiplandraceae); synonyms: Althoffia > Trichospermum, Asterophorum > Christiania, Cephalonema > Clappertonia, Hainania > Pityranthe, Nettoa > Corchorus, Sicrea > Schoutenia, Tahitia > Christiania

5. Malvaceae

75

1500

119

245

5527

+143

+5

+18

+14

+140

-18

Mallow or Hibiscus family

Malvales

Malvaceae

Malva. new: Bordasia (2003), Indagator (2002), Rojasimalva (1984), Spirabutilon (2009), Woodianthus (2012); segregated: Akrosida (1992 < Bastardia), Allosidastrum (1988), Andeimalva (2003), Andringitra (2012), Androcalva (2011), Billieturnera (1982), Callianthe (2012), Franciscodendron (1987 < Sterculia), Fuertesimalva (1996), Hafotra (2020), Marcanodendron (2021), Nayariophyton (1988), Ripariosida (2017), Roifia (2009), Sidasodes (1992), Thepparatia (2006), Trochetiopsis (1981), Tropidococcus (2003); reinstated: Anotea (< 1992 < Pavonia), Azanza (2016 < Thespesia), Bombycidendron (< 1992 < Hibiscus), Erioxylum (< 1992 < Gossypium), Gilesia (< 2012 < Hermannia), Herissantia (1996 < Abutilon), Hibiscadelphus (± 2012 < Hibiscus), Lecanophora (< 2012 < Cristaria), Megatritheca (< 2012) , Microcos (2013 < Grewia), Modiolastrum (< 1992 < Modiola), Pochota (2015 < Pachira), Rhodognaphalon (< 2012), Sidastrum (< 2012 < Sida); synonyms: Abutilothamnus > Abutilon, Astiria > Ruizia, Bastardia > Abutilon, Bastardiopsis > Abutilon, Blanchetiastrum > Pavonia, Byttneria > Ayenia, Humbertianthus > Hibiscus, Lavatera > Malva, Lopimia > Pavonia, Macrostelia > Hibiscus, Montezuma > Thespesia, Paramelhania > Melhania, Symphyochlamys > Hibiscus, Thespesiopsis > Thespesia, Triplochlamys > Pavonia, Trochetia > Ruizia, Trochetiopsis > Melhania, Uladendron > Marcanodendron

Codonochlamys > Pavonia Fioria > Hibiscus Goethea > Pavonia Iliamna synonym of Sphaeralcea Neohumbertiella > Humbertiella Notoxylinon > Gossypium Ulbrichia > Thespesia Westphalina > Mortoniodendron Wilhelminia > Hibiscus 102 Malvaceae estimated at Cronquist

4. Order Lecythidales

order into:

Order Lecythidales

1. Lecythidaceae

20

400

20

24

382

+4

+5

-1

Paradise nut family

Ericales

Lecythidaceae

Lecythis. Brazzeia, Oubanguia, Pierrina, Rhaptopetalum, Scytopetalum from Scytopetalaceae; synonyms: Lecythopsis > Couratari; homonym: Napoleona >= Napoleonaea, Petersia >= Petersianthus

Abdulmajidia > Barringtonia

5. Order Nepenthales

order into:

Order Nepenthales

1. Sarraceniaceae

3

15

3

3

49

American-pitcherplant family

Ericales

Sarraceniaceae

Sarracenia

2. Nepenthaceae

1

75

1

1

184

Tropical pitcher plant family

Caryophyllales

Nepenthaceae

Nepenthes

3. Droseraceae

4

100

4

3

267

-1

-1

Sundew family

Caryophyllales

Droseraceae

Drosera. Drosophyllum moved to Drosophyllaceae

Drosophyllaceae

I

1

1

+1

Drewpine family

from Droseraceae

Caryophyllales

Drosophyllaceae

Drosophyllaceae (1989); Drosophyllum from Droseraceae

6. Order Violales

order into:

Order Violales

1. Flacourtiaceae

85

800

79

-84

Flacourtia family

into Salicaceae & Achariaceae

Malpighiales

Flacourtiaceae

Muntingia (at Cronquist) moved to Muntingiaceae; Soyauxia (at Cronquist) moved to Peridiscaceae; Samyda > Guarea moved to Salicaceae; Neumannia > ↙Aphloia; Plagiopteron moved to Celastraceae

Aphloiaceae

II

1

1

Mountain-peach family

from Flacourtiaceae

Crossosomatales

Aphloiaceae

Aphloiaceae (1985); Aphloia

Gerrardinaceae

III

1

2

Brown-ironwood family

from Flacourtiaceae

Huerteales

Gerrardinaceae

Gerrardinaceae (2006); Gerrardina

Berberidopsidaceae

I

2

3

Coral-vine family

from Flacourtiaceae

Berberidopsidales

Berberidopsidaceae

Berberidopsis, Streptothamnus

2. Peridiscaceae

2

2

2

4

11

+2

+2

Ringflower family

Saxifragales

Peridiscaceae

Peridiscus, Whittonia; Medusandra from Medusandraceae, Soyauxia (at Cronquist) from Flacourtiaceae

3. Bixaceae

3

15

1

3

25

Achiote or Lipstick-tree family

Malvales

Bixaceae

Bixa

Cochlospermum in Cochlospermaceae, Diegodendron in Diegodendraceae

4. Cistaceae

8

200

7

8

279

+1

-1

Rock-rose family

Malvales

Cistaceae

Cistus. Pakaraimaea from Dipterocarpaceae; Halimium > Cistus

Crocanthemum synonym of Halimium

5. Huaceae

2

3

2

2

4

Cameroon-garlic family

Oxalidales

Huaceae

Hua

6. Lacistemataceae

2

20

2

2

16

Cemp-wood family

Malpighiales

Lacistemataceae

Lacistema

7. Scyphostegiaceae

1

1

1

-1

Scyphostegia family

into Salicaceae

Malpighiales

Scyphostegiaceae

Scyphostegia > Dianyuea (2017) in Salicaceae

8. Stachyuraceae

1

5

1

1

10

Spiketail family

Crossosomatales

Stachyuraceae

Stachyurus

9. Violaceae

16

800

20

24

1199

+8

+1

+3

+6

+1

-3

Violet family

Malpighiales

Violaceae

Viola. Phyllanoa from Euphorbiaceae (1996), but in 2023 back to Euphorbiaceae ; new: Hybanthopsis (2003); segregated: Bribria (2017 < Rinorea), Ixchelia (2015); reinstated: Cubelium (2023), Orthion (< 2012), Pigea (2021 < Afrohybanthus), Pombalia (2014 < Hybanthus), Scyphellandra (2014 < Rinorea); synonyms: Afrohybanthus (2015) > Pigea; Corynostylis >= Calyptrion (2014)

Corynostylis > Calyptrion Gloeospermum, Rinoreocarpus > Leonia Acentra > Hybanthus

10. Tamaricaceae

4~5

100

5

4

112

-1

-1

Salt-cedar or tamarisk family

Caryophyllales

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix. synonyms: Hololachna > Reaumuria

Beatsonia, Niederleinia > Frankenia

11. Frankeniaceae

3

80

5

1

79

-2

-2

Sea-Heath Family

Caryophyllales

Frankeniaceae

Frankenia. synonyms: Anthobryum > Frankenia, Hypericopsis > Frankenia

12. Dioncophyllaceae

3

3

3

3

3

Hookleaf-vine family

Caryophyllales

Dioncophyllaceae

Dioncophyllum

13. Ancistrocladaceae

1

17

1

1

20

Kardal family

Caryophyllales

Ancistrocladaceae

Ancistrocladus

14. Turneraceae

8

120

10

↘

-10

Turnera family

into Passifloraceae

Malpighiales

Turneraceae

Turnera

15. Malesherbiaceae

1~2

25

1

↘

-1

Malesherbia family

into Passifloraceae

Malpighiales

Malesherbiaceae

Malesherbia

16. Passifloraceae

16

650

17

30

1027

+14

+1

+3

+13

-3

Passion flower or granadilla family

Malpighiales

Passifloraceae

Passiflora. new: Pibiria (2019); segregated: Afroqueta (2012), Arboa (2012), Oxossia (2019 < Turnera); synonyms: Abatia, Aphaerema > Abatia moved to Salicaceae

Hollrungia > Passiflora Smeathmannia > Barteria

17. Achariaceae

3

3

3

31

172

+28

+2

+26

0

Chaulmoogra family

Malpighiales

Achariaceae

Acharia, Ceratiosicyos, Guthriea; + 26 genera from Flacourtiaceae; new: Chiangiodendron (1988); segregated: Kuhlmanniodendron (2008 < Carpotroche); synonyms: Taraktogenos > Hydnocarpus

18. Caricaceae

4

30

4

6

43

+2

+1

+1

Papaya family

Brassicales

Caricaceae

Carica. segregated: Horovitzia (1993 < Carica), reinstated: Vasconcellea (2020(

19. Fouquieriaceae

1

11

1

1

11

Boojum or ocotillo family

Ericales

Fouquieriaceae

Fouquieria

20. Hoplestigmataceae

1

2

1

-1

Hoplestigma family

into Boraginaceae

Celastrales

Hoplestigmataceae

Hoplestigma

21. Cucurbitaceae

90

700

120

101

1049

-6

+2

+10

+3

-21

Cucurbits or gourd or squash family

Cucurbitales

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbita. new: Borneosicyos (1998), Khmeriosicyos (2004); segregated: Austrobryonia (2008), Baijiania (1993), Bayabusua (1999), Indomelothria (2006), Nothoalsomitra (1982), Papuasicyos (2003), Scopellaria (2006), Sinobaijiania (2006); reinstated: Cephalopentandra (< 1992), Echinopepon (< 1992), Linnaeosicyos (2008), Sinobaijiania (2006), Siraitia (1982); synonyms: Biswarea > Herpetospermum, Cucumella > Cucumis, Cucumeropsis > Melothria, Dicoelospermum > Cucumis, Edgaria > Herpetospermum, Elateriopsis > Hanburia, Guraniopsis > Apodanthera, Gymnopetalum > Trichosanthes, Melancium > Melothria, Melothrianthus > Apodanthera, Mukia > Cucumis, Myrmecosicyos > Cucumis, Posadaea > Melothria, Pseudocyclanthera > Cyclanthera, Pseudosicydium > Pteropepon, Sechium > Sicyos, Tumamoca > Ibervillea, Vaseyanthus > Echinopepon, Zombitsia > Blastania, Zygosicyos > Xerosicyos; Ctenolepis >= Blastania

Anacaona (1980) > Penelopeia Apatzingania > Echinopepon Cremastopus, Rytidostylis > Cyclanthera Dieterlea > Ibervillea Odosicyos > Ampelosicyos Praecitrullus > Benincasa Pterosicyos > Sechiopsis Tricyclandra > Ampelosicyos

WFO moved Solena to synonym of Posoqueria in Rubiaceae in December 2022 Hymenosicyos (reinstated at Kew) > Oreosyce

22. Datiscaceae

3

4

3

1

2

-2

-2

Durango-root family

Cucurbitales

Datiscaceae

Datisca

Tetramelaceae

I

2

2

+2

False hemp-tree family

from Datiscaceae

Cucurbitales

Tetramelaceae

Octomeles, Tetrameles

23. Begoniaceae

3~5

1020

3

2

1941

-3

-3

Begonia family

Cucurbitales

Begoniaceae

Begonia. synonyms: Begoniella > Begonia, Semibegoniella > Begonia, Symbegonia > Begonia

24. Loasaceae

14

200

15

21

326

+6

+2

+5

+1

-2

Stickleaf family

Cornales

Loasaceae

Loasa. new: Plakothira (1986), Xylopodia (2006); segregated: Aosa (2006), Grausa (2017), Nasa (2006), Pinnasa (2017), Presliophytum (2006); reinstated: Huidobria (< 2012 < Loasa); synonyms: Sclerothrix > Klaprothia, Sympetaleia > Eucnide

7. Order Salicales

order into:

Order Salicales

1. Salicaceae

2

340

2

52

1595

+50

+3

+2

+51

-6

Willow family

Malpighiales

Salicaceae

Salix, Populus; 50 genera from Flacourtiaceae; Abatia from Passifloraceae; segregated: Dianyuea (2017 < Flacourtia), Irenodendron (2015 < Laetia), Macrothumia (2006); reinstated: Lasiochlamys, Piparea (2019 < Casearia), Scyphostegia; synonyms: Euceraea, Hecatostemon, Laetia, Neoptychocarpus, Samyda, Zuelania > Casearia, Priamosia > Xylosma, Pseudosmelia > Osmelia

8. Order Capparales

order into:

Order Capparales

1. Tovariaceae

1

2

1

1

2

Stinkbush family

Brassicales

Tovariaceae

Tovaria

2. Capparaceae

45

800

42

15

427

-28

-19

-9

Caper family

Brassicales

Capparaceae

Capparis. 13 genera moved to Cleomaceae, of which 9 (Buhsia, Cristatella, Dactylaena, Dipterygium, Haptocarpum, Podandrogyne, Polanisia, Puccionia, Wislizenia) synonymized into Cleome and 2 (Isomeris, Oxystylis) into Cleomella; 5 genera (Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Sesamoides, Stixis, Tirania) moved to Resedaceae; Physena moved to Physenaceae; synonyms: Apophyllum > Capparis; Atamisquea, Belencita, Steriphoma > Morisonia; Cladostemon, Euadenia > Crateva

Dhofaria (1988) > Capparis (Hypselandra) > Boscia Niebuhria DC. > Maerua Oceanopapaver > Corchorus (Malvaceae)

Neocalyptrocalyx synonym of Capparis

Cleomaceae

III

2

224

+3

-1

Spider-Flower family

from Capparaceae

Brassicales

Cleomaceae

Cleome, Cleomella, Dactylaena > Cleome

Koeberliniaceae

I

1

2

+1

Allthorn family

from Capparaceae

Brassicales

Koeberliniaceae

Koeberlinia; (Koeberliniaceae earlier at Hutchinson 1964)

Pentadiplandraceae

I

1

1

+1

Oubli family

from Capparaceae

Brassicales

Pentadiplandraceae

Pentadiplandra; Cotylonychia from Tiliaceae > Pentadiplandra; (Pentadiplandraceae earlier at Hutchinson 1964)

Setchellanthaceae

I

1

1

+1

Azulita family

from Capparaceae

Brassicales

Setchellanthaceae

Setchellanthaceae (1999); Setchellanthus

3. Brassicaceae

350

3000

381

346

4203

-20

+20

+44

+12

-96

Mustard and cabbage family

Brassicales

Brassicaceae

Brassica. new: Anzhengxia (2016 < Microsisymbrium, 1981), Baimashania (2000), Ceriosperma (1983), Dactylocardamum (1989), Eremoblastus (1980), Goerkemia (2000), Irenepharsus (1982), (Iti 1988) > Cardamine, Ladakiella (2010 < Alyssum, 2002), Pegaeophyton (2000), Petroravenia (1994), Phyllolepidum (1990 new, 2011 reinstated < Ptilotrichum), Quidproquo (1983), Shangrilaia (2004), (Sibaropsis 1997) > Streptanthus, Sinoarabis (2012 < Arabis), (Sinosophiopsis 2000 > Smelowskia), Terraria (2017), Zuloagocardamum (2014), Zahora (2019); segregated: Alshehbazia (2015), Altriarabis (2018), Asperuginoides (1982 < Buchingera), Atacama (2014), Barbamine (1997), Bengt-jonsellia (2017 < Rorippa), (Beringia 2001) > Crucihimalaya, Bifurcipilus (2018), Borodiniopsis (2012 < Arabis)>=Acirostrum, Catolobus (2005), Crucihimalaya (1999), Cuprella (2015 < Alyssum), Cusickiella (1988), Dvorakia (2019), Eigia (1980 < Stigmatella), Exhalimolobos (2007), Gongylis (2016 < Aschersoniodoxa), Hurkaea (2022), Ianhedgea (1999), Lysakia (2018), Marcus-kochia (2014), Metashangrilaia (2016 < Braya), Mummenhoffia (2018), (Neotchihatchewia 1982) > Hesperis, Neotorularia (1986), Nevada (2004 < Smelowskia), Olimarabidopsis (1999), Oreoloma (1980), Paysonia (2002), Petiniotia (1980), Phravenia (2011), Pseudoarabidopsis (1999), Pseudodraba (2011 < Draba), Pseudoturritis (2005), Quezeliantha (1982 < Quezelia), Resetnikia (2015), (Rollinsia 1982) > Dryopetalon, Rudolf-kamelinia (2016), Scapiarabis (2012 < Arabis), Schrenkiella (2010), Shehbazia (2014), Sinalliaria (2014), Takhtajaniella (1980 < Alyssum), Yosemitea (2013), Yunkia (2020 < Cremolobus), Zuvanda (1985); reinstated: Acuston (2017), Ballantinia (2014), Brachypus (2012), Hesperidanthus (2005), Hollermayera (1981 < Armoracia), Lemphoria, Lutzia (1983), Microthlaspi (2016), Planodes (2010), Sandbergia (2007), Tomostima (2012 < Draba), Yinshania (1987)

Lithodraba > Xerodraba Microthlaspi > Thlaspi Nasturtium synonym of Rorippa Brassicaceae was previously called Cruciferae

4. Moringaceae

1

10

1

Drumstick tree or horse-radish-tree family

Brassicales

Moringaceae

Moringa

5. Resedaceae

6

70

7

11

117

+5

+5

Mignonette family

Brassicales

Resedaceae

Reseda. Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Sesamoides, Stixis, Tirania from Capparaceae

Tiganophytaceae

1

1

+1

-1

Tiganophyton family

new family (2021)

Brassicales

Tiganophytaceae

new: Tiganophytaceae (2020); new: Tiganophyton (2020)

9. Order Batales

order into:

Order Batales

1. Gyrostemonaceae

5

17

5

5

20

Buttoncreeper family

Brassicales

Gyrostemonaceae

Gyrostemon

2. Bataceae

1

2

1

1

7

Turtleweed or saltwort family

Brassicales

Bataceae

Batis

10. Order Ericales

Order Ericales

1. Cyrillaceae

3

14

3

2

11

-1

Cyrilla or leatherwood family

Ericales

Cyrillaceae

Cyrilla. Purdiaea moved to Clethraceae

2. Clethraceae

1

65

1

2

95

+1

Clethra or lily-of-the-valley-tree family

Ericales

Clethraceae

Clethra. Purdiaea from Cyrillaceae

3. Grubbiaceae

1

3

1

1

3

Sillyberry family

Cornales

Grubbiaceae

4. Empetraceae

3

5

3

-3

Crowberry family

into Ericaceae

Ericales

Empetraceae

Empetrum, Ceratiola, Corema moved to Ericaceae

5. Epacridaceae

30

400

31

-27

Epracis family

into Ericaceae

Ericales

Epacridaceae

genera moved to Ericaceae except for Wittsteinia: moved to Alseuosmiaceae↓

6. Ericaceae

125

3500

116

121

4642

+11

-5

+9

+48

-47

Heather family

Ericales

Ericaceae

Erica. Mischopleura moved to Sericolea (Elaeocarpaceae), Pseudogonocalyx moved to Schoepfia (Schoepfiaceae); segregated: Acrothamnus (2005), Agiortia (2005), Leptecophylla (1999), Montitega (2010), Planocarpa (1996); reinstated: Androstoma (2005), Arctous (< 2012), Dielsiodoxa (2010), Eremotropa (2018 < Monotropastrum), Eubotryoides (> 2012), Monotoca (> 2012), Rigiolepis (2018 < Vaccinium), Sprengelia (2013), Stenanthera (2016)

Arctous synonym of Arctostaphylos Paphia synonym of Agapetes Coleanthera > Styphelia

7. Pyrolaceae

4

45

-4

Shinleaf family

into Ericaceae

Ericales

Pyrolaceae

Pyrola, Chimaphila, Moneses, Orthilia

8. Monotropaceae

10

12

-9

Indian Pipe family

into Ericaceae

Ericales

Monotropaceae

Monotropa, Allotropa, Cheilotheca, Hypopitys (> Monotropa), Monotropastrum, Monotropsis, Pityopus, Pleuricospora, Pterospora, Sarcodes

11. Order Diapensiales

order into:

Order Diapensiales

1. Diapensiaceae

6

18

7

6

17

Pincushion-plant family

Ericales

Diapensiaceae

Diapensia

Diplarche > Rhododendron (Ericaceae)

12. Order Ebenales

order into:

Order Ebenales

1. Sapotaceae

70

800

55

74

1352

+4

+2

+1

+15

-14

Sapodilla or milkwood family

Ericales

Sapotaceae

Manilkara. new: Bemangidia (2013), Neohemsleya (1991); segregated: Sahulia (2020); reinstated: Aningeria (2008 < Pouteria), Abebaia, Achrouteria, Chloroluma, Cornuella, Englerella, Labatia, Lucuma, Malacantha (2008 < Pouteria), Martiusella, Nemaluma, Peteniodendron, Pleioluma (2018), Prieurella, Ragala; synonyms: Achras > Manilkara, Argania > Sideroxylon, Bassia J.Koenig ex L. > Madhuca, Bumelia > Sideroxylon, Butyrospermum > Vitellaria, Dichopsis > Palaquium, Dipholis > Sideroxylon, Imbricaria Comm. ex Juss. > Mimusops, Leptostylis > Pycnandra, Lucuma > Pouteria; hemihomonym: Beccariella (fungi) >= Pleioluma

Boerlagella > Planchonella Nesoluma > Sideroxylon

2. Ebenaceae

5

450

3

3

753

-2

+1

-3

Ebony and persimmon family

Ericales

Ebenaceae

Diospyros. Lissocarpa from Lissocarpaceae; synonyms: Rhaphidanthe > Diospyros, Royena > Diospyros, Tetraclis > Diospyros

nothing to do with Ebenus L., Fabaceae

4. Lissocarpaceae

1

2

1

↗

-1

Lissocarpa family

into Ebenaceae

Ericales

Lissocarpaceae

Lissocarpa↗

3. Styracaceae

10

150

11

12

172

+1

+1

Silverbell or storax family

Ericales

Styracaceae

Styrax. segregated: Changiostyrax (1995 < Sinojackia), Perkinsiodendron (2016 < Halesia); synonyms: Pamphilia > Styrax

5. Symplocaceae

1

350

1

1

402

Sapphireberry or sweetleaf family

Ericales

Symplocaceae

Symplocos. The recognition of Cordyloblaste at the genus level is generally consistent with overall generic concepts in Ericales.

13. Order Primulales

order into:

Order Primulales

1. Theophrastaceae

4

100

4

-4

Theophrasta family

into Primulaceae

Ericales

Theophrastaceae

↙ Theophrasta, Clavija, Deherainia, Jacquinia

3. Primulaceae

30

1000

23

57

3300

+31

+3

+3

+37

-12

Primrose and snowbell family

Ericales

Primulaceae

Primula. new: Mangenotiella (2012), Paralysimachia (2016); segregated: Votschia (1993 < Jacquinia); reinstated: Bonellia (2004 < Jacquinia), Evotrochis (2021 < Primula), Neomezia (1996 < Deherainia); synonyms: Anagallis > Lysimachia, Asterolinon > Lysimachia, Conomorpha > Cybianthus, Cortusa > Primula, Dodecatheon > Primula, Glaux Tourn. ex L. > Lysimachia, Pelletiera > Lysimachia, Sredinskya > Primula, Trientalis > Lysimachia, Vitaliana > Androsace

WFO has Marantodes pumilum for Labisia pumila

2. Myrsinaceae

30

1000

39

+2

-33

Myrsine family

into Primulaceae

Ericales

Myrsinaceae

↖ Myrsine. new: Emblemantha (1988); segregated: Systellantha (1992 < Tetrardisia); synonyms: Rapanea > Myrsine, Tetrardisia > Ardisia, Yunckeria > Ctenardisia

57

-5

+5

3

-13

5. Subclass Rosidae

Subclass Rosidae

1. Order Rosales

Order Rosales

1. Brunelliaceae

1

50

1

1

60

Palo-bobo family

Oxalidales

Brunelliaceae

Brunellia

2. Connaraceae

16~24

350

12

12

244

-7

-7

Zebrawood family

Oxalidales

Connaraceae

Connarus. Trichostephania from Sterculiaceae > Ellipanthus; synonyms: Byrsocarpus > Rourea, Eichleria > Rourea, Jaundea > Rourea, Paxia > Rourea, Roureopsis > Rourea, Schellenbergia > Vismianthus, Spiropetalum > Rourea

16

3. Eucryphiaceae

1

6

1

↘

-1

Eucryphia family

into Cunoniaceae

Oxalidales

Eucryphiaceae

↙ Eucryphia

5. Davidsoniaceae

1

1

1

↘

-1

Davidsonia plum family

into Cunoniaceae

Oxalidales

Davidsoniaceae

↙ Davidsonia (already in Cuoniaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

4. Cunoniaceae

25

350

23

27

264

0

+1

+1

+1

+1

-4

Butterspoon-tree family

Oxalidales

Cunoniaceae

Cunonia. Aphanopetalum moved to Aphanopetalaceae; new: Hooglandia (2004); segregated: Karrabina (2013); reinstated: Pterophylla (< 2021 Weinmannia); synonyms: Acsmithia > Spiraeanthemum, Gumillea > Picramnia (Picramniaceae), Spiraeopsis > Ackama

Davidsonia at Kew 1992 in Davidsoniaceae Opocunonia > Caldcluvia

Aphanopetalaceae

II

1

2

+1

Gum-vine family

from Cunoniaceae

Saxifragales

Aphanopetalaceae

Aphanopetalaceae (2001); Aphanopetalum

6. Dialypetalanthaceae

1

1

1

Dialypetalanthus family

into Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Dialypetalanthaceae

Dialypetalanthus

ex-Rubiales

7. Pittosporaceae

9

200

9

9

297

+1

+1

+1

-3

Cheesewood family

Apiales

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum. new: Bentleya; segregated: Auranticarpa (2000 < Pittosporum); reinstated: Rhytidosporum (1999); synonyms: Citriobatus > Pittosporum, Pronaya > Billardiera, Sollya > Billardiera

Marianthus synonym of Billardiera

8. Byblidaceae

2

4

1

1

8

-1

-1

Rainbowplant family

Lamiales

Byblidaceae

Byblis. Roridula moved to Roridulaceae

Roridulaceae

IV

1

1

2

+1

Flycatcher-bush family

from Byblidaceae

Ericales

Roridulaceae

Roridula

9. Hydrangeaceae

17

170

16

9

208

-8

-8

Hydrangea or hortensia family

Cornales

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea. synonyms: Broussaisia > Hydrangea, Cardiandra > Hydrangea, Decumaria > Hydrangea, Deinanthe > Hydrangea, Dichroa > Hydrangea, Pileostegia Hook.f. & Thomson > Hydrangea, Platycrater > Hydrangea, Schizophragma > Hydrangea

Whipplea moved at Kew to Saxifragaceae and back to Hydrangeaceae in May 2022

Whipplea moved at WFO to Saxifragaceae in May 2019

10. Columelliaceae

1

4

1

2

8

+1

+1

Andean-holly family

Bruniales, 2021 > Desfontainiales

Columelliaceae

Columellia. Desfontainia from Loganiaceae

11. Grossulariaceae

25

350

1

1

195

-24

-21

-3

Gooseberry or Currant family

Saxifragales

Grossulariaceae

Ribes. Brexia, Pottingeria moved to Celastraceae; Quintinia moved to Paracryphiaceae; synonyms: Argyrocalymma > Carpodetus, Choristylis > Itea, Dedea > Quintinia

Phyllonomaceae

II

1

5

+1

Flowering-leaf family

from Grossulariaceae

Aquifoliales

Phyllonomaceae

Phyllonoma

Phyllonoma in Escalloniaceae

Argophyllaceae

I

2

38

+1

Silverleaf family

from Grossulariaceae

Asterales

Argophyllaceae

from Grossulariaceae: Argophyllum; from Cornaceae: Corokia

both genera in Escalloniaceae

Rousseaceae

I

4

17

+4

Putaweta family

from Grossulariaceae

Asterales

Rousseaceae

Roussea, Abrophyllum, Carpodetus, Cuttsia

all 4 genera in Escalloniaceae

Escalloniaceae

I

20

7

133

+6

Currybush family

from Grossulariaceae

Escalloniales

Escalloniaceae

from Grossulariaceae: Escallonia, Anopterus, Forgesia, Polyosma, Tribeles, Valdivia; from Saxifragaceae: Eremosyne

Eremosyne in Eremosynaceae

Iteaceae

I

2

24

+2

Sweetspire family

from Grossulariaceae

Saxifragales

Iteaceae

Itea, Pterostemon

Pterostemon in Pterostemonaceae

Tetracarpaeaceae

I

1

1

+1

Delicate-laurel family

from Grossulariaceae

Saxifragales

Tetracarpaeaceae

Tetracarpaea

Tetracarpaea in Escalloniaceae

Montiniaceae

I

2

3

5

+2

Wild-clovebush family

from Grossulariaceae

Solanales

Montiniaceae

Montinia, Grevea; from Cornaceae: Kaliphora

12. Greyiaceae

1

3

1

-1

Greyia family

into Francoaceae

Geraniales

Greyiaceae

Greyia

13. Bruniaceae

12

75

12

6

81

-6

-6

Brunia or buttonbush family

Bruniales

Bruniaceae

Brunia. synonyms: Lonchostoma > Brunia, Mniothamnus/Mniothamnea > Brunia, Nebelia > Brunia, Pseudobaeckea > Brunia, Raspalia > Brunia, Tittmannia > Audouinia

14. Anisophylleaceae

4

40

4

4

70

Leechwood family

Cucurbitales

Anisophylleaceae

Anisophyllea

15. Alseuosmiaceae

3

12

3

4

10

+1

+1

0

+2

-2

Toropapa family

Asterales

Alseuosmiaceae

Alseuosmia. Platyspermation ex "genus incertae sedis", Wittsteinia from Epacridaceae; new: Crispiloba (1984); synonyms: Memecylanthus > Wittsteinia, Periomphale > Wittsteinia

16. Crassulaceae

25

900

37

36

1718

-1

+3

-4

Orpine and Stonecrop family

Saxifragales

Crassulaceae

Crassula. segregated: Chaloupkaea (2016), Kungia (1988), Petrosedum (1984); synonyms: Bryophyllum > Kalanchoe, Diamorpha > Sedum, Pagella > Crassula, Rochea > Crassula

Greenovia > Aeonium Mucizonia, Sedella, Telmissa > Sedum

17. Cephalotaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Albany pitcherplant family

Oxalidales

Cephalotaceae

Cephalotus

18. Saxifragaceae

40

700

31

40

899

+3

+1

+3

+5

-5

-1

Saxifrage family

Saxifragales

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga. Eremosyne moved to Escalloniaceae; Francoa moved to Francoaceae; Parnassia moved to Celastraceae; Penthorum moved to Penthoraceae; Vahlia moved to Vahliaceae; new: Saniculiphyllum (1992); segregated: Asimitellaria (2021), Brewerimitella (2021), Spuriomitella (2021); reinstated: Hemieva (< 2012), Micranthes (2013 < Saxifraga), Mitellastra (> 2012), Ozomelis (< 2012), Pectiantia (< 2012); synonyms: Hieronymusia > Suksdorfia

Francoaceae

I

6

53

Bridal-wreath family

from Saxifragaceae

Geraniales

Francoaceae

Francoa from Saxifragaceae; Bersama, Melianthus from Melianthaceae; Greyia from Greyiaceae; Balbisia, Viviania from Geraniaceae. (Francoaceae earlier at Hutchinson 1964)

Rhynchotheca moved at WFO from Geraniaceae in December 2021

Penthoraceae

I

1

1

5

Ditch-stonecrop family

from Saxifragaceae

Saxifragales

Penthoraceae

Penthorum

Vahliaceae

I

1

1

5

Flindersbush family

from Saxifragaceae

Vahliales

Vahliaceae

Vahlia

19. Rosaceae

100

3000

97

110

5610

+12

+1

+14

+18

-2

-18

Rose family

Rosales

Rosaceae

Rosa. new: Brachycaulos (1981); segregated: Alniaria (2018), Chamaecallis (2014), Dunnaria (2018), Farinopsis (1984), Griffitharia (2018), Hedlundia (2017), Karpatiosorbus (2017), Majovskya (2017), Normeyera (2017), Phippsiomeles (2019), Pleiosorbus (2000), Scandosorbus (2018), Thomsonaria (2018), Xerospiraea (1986 < Spiraea); reinstated: Argentina (2018), Aria (> 2012), Aronia (< 2012), Chamaemespilus, Comarum (< 2012), Cormus (2018), Dasiphora (< 2012), Drymocallis (< 2012), Eriolobus (2019), Macromeles (> 2012), Marcetella (2018), Micromeles (> 2012), Neviusia (> 2012), Pourthiaea (> 2012), Sibbaldianthe (< 2012), Stranvaesia (2020), Torminalis (2018), Wilsonaria (2018); synonyms: Aphanes > Alchemilla, Brayera > Hagenia, Cerasus > Prunus, Cowania > Purshia, Duchesnea > Potentilla, Horkelia > Potentilla, Horkeliella > Potentilla, Ivesia > Potentilla, Maddenia > Prunus, Mespilus > Crataegus, Novosieversia > Geum, Nuttallia > Oemleria, Orthurus > Geum, Pleiosepalum > Aruncus, Poterium > Sanguisorba, Pygeum > Prunus, Stephanandra > Neillia, Woronowia > Geum, Potentilla comarum > Comarum palustre

Purpusia > Potentilla Stellariopsis > Potentilla

Quillajaceae

I

1

2

+1

Soapbark-tree family

from Rosaceae

Fabales

Quillajaceae

Quillaja

Guamatelaceae

III

1

1

+1

Guatemalan-bramble family

from Rosaceae

Crossosomatales

Guamatelaceae

Guamatelaceae (2006); Guamatela

20. Neuradaceae

3

10

3

3

8

0

Sand button or creeping-thorn rose family

Malvales

Neuradaceae

Neurada

(included in Rosaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

21. Crossosomataceae

3

8

3

4

9

+1

+1

-1

Rockflower family

Crossosomatales

Crossosomataceae

Crossosoma. new: Velascoa (1997)

22. Chrysobalanaceae

17

450

17

27

546

+10

+10

0

Cocoplum or Mobola plum family

Malpighiales

Chrysobalanaceae

Chrysobalanus. segregated: Cordillera (2016), Gaulettia (2014), Hymenopus (2016), Leptobalanus (2016), Microdesmia (2016), Parinariopsis (2016); reinstated: Angelesia (2013 < Licania), Afrolicania (2003 < Licania), Geobalanus (2016), Moquilea (2016)

(this family is included in Rosaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

23. Surianaceae

4

6

3

5

9

+1

+1

0

Bay-cedar family

Fabales

Surianaceae

Suriana. Recchia from Simaroubaceae; (Suriana at Hutchinson 1964 in Simaroubaceae)

Stylobasium in Stylobasiaceae

24. Rhabdodendraceae

1

3

1

1

3

0

Clubfruit-tree family

Caryophyllales

Rhabdodendraceae

Rhabdodendron

2. Order Fabales

Order Fabales

1. Mimosaceae

40

2000

Mimosa family

into Fabaceae

Fabales

Mimosaceae

2. Caesalpiniaceae

150

2200

+14

Peacock flower family

into Fabaceae

Fabales

Caesalpiniaceae

3. Fabaceae

400

10000

767

794

22415

+378

+14

+108

+120

+196

-60

Legume, pea, or bean family

Fabales

Fabaceae

Vicia. new: Afroamphica (2018), Brodriguesia (1981), Daprainia (2019), Ecuadendron (1998), Grazielodendron (1983), Heteroflorum (2005), Ibatiria (2019), Icuria (1999), Kanaloa (1994), Lemurodendron (1989), Maraniona (2004), Oberholzeria (2015), Orphanodendron (1990), Tabaroa (2010); segregated: Afrocalliandra (2013), Akschindlium (2003), Alantsilodendron (1994), Almaleea (1991), Ancistrotropis (2011), Annea (2013), Archidendropsis (1983), Arquita (2015), Austrocallerya (2019), Austrosteenisia (1984), Balizia (1996), Barnebydendron (1999), Bikinia (1999), Blanchetiodendron (1996), Bobgunnia (1997), Bouffordia (2018), Caetangil (2020), Calliandropsis (1990), Cerradicola (2020), Cheniella (2017), Cristonia (2001), Desmodiopsis (2018), Endosamara (1984), Ezoloba (2011), Falcataria (1996, 2011), Gabonius (2013), Gelrebia (2016), Gretheria (2022), Greuteria (2013), Guianodendron (2006), Gwilymia (2022), Haymondia (2015), Helicotropis (2011), Heliodendron (2022), Hererolandia (2016), Hesperalbizia (1996), Huangtcia (2018), Huchimingia (2022), Hultholia (2016), Hydrochorea (1996), Hylodesmum (2000), Imbralyx (1984), Kanburia (2019 < Callerya), Kartalinia (2018), Kebirita (2001), Lachesiodendron (2018), Lackeya (1996), Ladeania (2009), Leptospron (2011), Leucochloron (1996) > Boliviadendron (2022), Limadendron (2014), Maekawaea (2020), Mantiqueira (2020), Mariosousa (2006), Mezcala (2022), Micklethwaitia (2004), Montigena (1998), Mysanthus (1994), Naiadendron (2022), Nanhaia (2019), Nanogalactia (2020), Neoapaloxylon (1982), Normandiodendron (1993), Ohashia (2021), Ohwia (1999), Osodendron (2022), Oxytes (2018), Paragoodia (2011), Pararchidendron (1983), Parasenegalia (2017), Paraserianthes (1983), Paubrasilia (2016), Pedleya (2018), Polhillia (1986), Polhillides (2019), Pseudopiptadenia (1982), Pseudosenegalia (2017), Pyranthus (1995), Puhuaea (2019), Pullenia (2018), Ricoa (2022), Robrichia (2022), Rupertia (1990), Sanjappa (2016), Serawaia (2019), Sigmoidala (2019), Sigmoidotropis (2011), Sohmaea (2018), Sphinga (1996), Staminodianthus (2013), Stirtonanthus (1995), Stonesiella (1999), Sunhangia (2019), Sylvichadsia (1998), Tateishia (2018), Thinicola (2001), Ticanto (2022), Toxicopueraria (2015), Vandasina (1982), Verdesmum (2012), Viguieranthus (2002), Villosocallerya (2021), Vuralia (2014), Wajira (1982), Wiborgiella (2009), Wisteriopsis (2019), Zapoteca (1987), Zygocarpum (2001); reinstated and synonyms: see at the left; family called Leguminosae until after 2013

Astracantha (1983) > Astragalus Burgesia > Leptosema, Sauvallella > Poitea Calispepla > Argyrolobium Desmodiastrum (1986) > Alysicarpus Luzonia > Macropsychanthus Oreophysa > Colutea, Xeroderris > Aganope Marmaroxylon > Zygia, Westia > Berlinia Neodunnia > Millettia, Obolinga > Cojoba Vavilovia > Lathyrus, Spartidium > Calobota Neorudolphia > Rhodopis Yucaratonia > Gliricidia Otholobium (1981) > Psoralea Paloveopsis > Paloue Sartoria > Hedysarum Phyllocarpus > Barnebydendron Pseudosindora > Copaifera Spongiocarpella > Chesneya Cathormion synonym of Albizia Condylostylis synonym of Vigna Hosackia synonym of Lotus

Pseudosamanea synonym of Albizia

3. Order Proteales

Order Proteales

1. Elaeagnaceae

3

50

3

3

106

Oleaster or buffalo-thorn family

Rosales

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus

2. Proteaceae

75

1000

69

81

1849

+7

+2

+6

+2

-3

Protea or sugarbush family

Proteales

Proteaceae

Protea. new: Eidothea (1995), Megahertzia (1995); segregated: Alloxylon (1991), Catalepidia (1995), Lasjia (2008), Nothorites (2008 < Orites), Turrillia (1985), Vexatorella (1984); reinstated: Bleasdalea (< 1992), Eucarpha; synonyms: Dryandra > Banksia, Pycnonia > Persoonia, Spatallopsis > Spatalla

Acidonia, Athertonia, Floydia, Pycnonia, Toronia, Triunia, Virotia not at Kew 1992

4. Order Podostemales

order into:

Order Podostemales

1. Podostemaceae

40

200

50

52

362

+6

+11

+5

+2

-12

Riverweed family

Malpighiales

Podostemaceae

Podostemum. new: Autana (2011), Cipoia (2004), Ctenobryum (2019), Diamantina (2004), Djinga (1987), Hanseniella (1992), Laosia (2019), Lebbiea (2018), Paracladopus (2006), Thawatchaia (2004), Zehnderia (1987); segregated: Cussetia (2006), Hydrodiscus (2010 < Diplobryum), Indodalzellia (2009 < Dalzellia), Noveloa (2011), Paradalzellia (2022); reinstated: Lophogyne (2011), Terniopsis (2006); synonyms: Butumia > Saxicolella, Crenias > Podostemum, Devillea Tul. & Wedd. > Podostemum, Dicraeia > Podostemum, Diplobryum > Hydrobryum, Griffithella > Cladopus , Ligea > Apinagia, Lonchostephus > Mourera, Macarenia > Rhyncholacis, Oenone > Apinagia, Terniola > Dalzellia, Tulasneantha > Mourera

Heterotristicha > Tristicha Jenmaniella > Lophogyne Mniopsis > Podostemon Monostylis > Lophogyne Polypleurella > Polypleurum Torrenticola > Cladopus

5. Order Haloragales

order into:

Order Haloragales

1. Haloragaceae

8

100

9

8

164

0

+1

+1

-2

Water-milfoil family

Saxifragales

Haloragaceae

Haloragis. segregated: Trihaloragis (2007); reinstated: Meionectes (2007); synonyms: Loudonia > Glischrocaryon, Vinkia > Myriophyllum

Haloragodendron > Glischrocaryon Meziella > Myriophyllum

2. Gunneraceae

1

50

1

1

61

Giant-rhubarb family

Gunnerales

Gunneraceae

Gunnera

6. Order Myrtales

Order Myrtales

1. Sonneratiaceae

2

10

↘

-2

Sonneratia family

into Lythraceae

Myrtales

Sonneratiaceae

Sonneratia and Duabanga moved to Lythraceae

8. Punicaceae

1

2

↘

-1

Pone granate family

into Lythraceae

Myrtales

Punicaceae

Punica moved to Lythraceae

6. Trapaceae

1

15

1

↘

-1

Water chestnut family

into Lythraceae

Myrtales

Trapaceae

Trapa moved to Lythraceae

2. Lythraceae

24

500

30

28

838

+2

+2

Loosestrife or Henna family

Myrtales

Lythraceae

Lythrum. Axinandra and Dactylocladus moved to Crypteroniaceae; segregated: Koehneria (1987)

13. Alzateaceae ('88)

1

1

1

+1

Alzatea (earlier in Lythracese)

Myrtales

Alzateaceae ('88)

Alzatea from Lythraceae (Flacourtiaceae at Hutchinson)

14. Rhyncocalycaceae ('88)

1

↘

-1

False Waterberry family

into Penaeaceae

Myrtales

Rhyncocalycaceae ('88)

Rhynchocalyx ('81 in Lythraceae) moved to Penaeaceae

10. Oliniaceae

1

8

1

↘

-1

Hard-pear family

into Penaeaceae

Myrtales

Oliniaceae

Olinia moved to Penaeaceae

3. Penaeaceae

7

20

7

3

39

-4

+2

-6

Brickleaf or cape-fellwort family

Myrtales

Penaeaceae

Penaea. Olinia from Oliniaceae; Rhynchocalyx from Rhynchocalycaceae; synonyms: Brachysiphon > Penaea, Endonema > Penaea, Glischrocolla > Penaea, Saltera > Penaea, Sonderothamnus > Penaea, Stylapterus > Penaea

4. Crypteroniaceae

1

4

3

3

13

+2

+2

Bekoi family

Myrtales

Crypteroniaceae

Crypteronia. Axinandra and Dactylocladus from Lythraceae

5. Thymelaeaceae

50

500

58

52

966

0

+2

0

+5

+1

-8

Fibre-bark or daphne family

Malvales

Thymelaeaceae

Thymelaea. new: Jedda (1986), Tepuianthus (1981, by 1988 at a time in Tepuianthaceae); reinstated: Atemnosiphon (< 2012 < Lasiosiphon), Daphnimorpha (2002), Kelleria Endl. (< 1992 < Drapetes), Linodendron (< 1992 < Lasiadenia), Restella (< 1992 < Wikstroemia); synonyms: Arthrosolen > Gnidia, Basutica > Gnidia, Cryptadenia > Lachnaea (1997), Dendrostellera > Diarthron, Gilgiodaphne > Synandrodaphne, Oreodendron > Phaleria, Struthiolopsis > Gnidia; (Aquilaria + 5 other genera at Hutchinson in Aquilariaceae; Aetoxylon, Amixa and Gonystylus in Gonystylaceae)

Craspedostoma > Gnidia Pentathymelaea > Daphne Pseudais > Phaleria Lasiosiphon synonym of Gnidia Stelleropsis > Diarthron

Thecanthes > Pimelea

7. Myrtaceae

140

3000

127

127

6335

+10

+4

+24

+17

-35

Myrtle or guava family

Myrtales

Myrtaceae

Myrtus. new: Barongia (1988), Mitrantia (1988), Sphaerantia (1988), Stockwellia (2002); segregated: Accara (1990), Algrizea (2006), Aluta (2000), Austrobaeckea (2021), Chamguava (1991), Cheyniana (2009), Corymbia (1995), Curitiba (2007), Enekbatus (2010), Gossia (2003), Hysterobaeckea (2015), Kanakomyrtus (2009), Kardomia (2007), Lenwebbia (2003), Malleostemon (1983), Neofabricia (1983), Ochrosperma (1987), Ristantia (1982), Sannantha (2007), Seorsus (2008), Stenostegia (1998), Taxandria (2007), Thaleropia (1993), Welchiodendron (1982); reinstated: Anticoryne (> 2012), Asteromyrtus (1989), Astus (< 2012), Cloezia (< 1992), Cyathostemon (< 2012), Ericomyrtus (2015), Euryomyrtus (2001), Harmogia (< 2012), Lindsayomyrtus (1990), Lithomyrtus (1999), Lophostemon (1982), Nothomyrcia, Oxymyrrhine (< 2012), Pleurocalyptus (1992), Temu (> 2012), Tetrapora (> 2012), Triplarina (1995); synonyms: Acmena > Syzygium, Acmenosperma > Syzygium, Anetholea > Syzygium, Angasomyrtus > Syzygium, Beaufortia > Melaleuca, Callistemon > Melaleuca, Calothamnus > Melaleuca, Calyptranthes > Syzygium, Calyptrogenia > Eugenia, Calythropsis > Calytrix, Carpolepis > Metrosideros, Choricarpia > Backhousia, Cleistocalyx > Syzygium, Conothamnus > Melaleuca, Corynanthera > Micromyrtus, Cupheanthus > Syzygium, Eremaea > Melaleuca, Gomidesia > Myrcia, Hexachlamys > Eugenia, Hottea > Eugenia, Lamarchea > Melaleuca, Marlierea > Myrcia, Mearnsia > Metrosideros, Meteoromyrtus > Eugenia, Mitranthes > Psidium, Paramyrciaria > Myrciaria, Petraeomyrtus > Melaleuca, Phymatocarpus > Melaleuca, Piliocalyx > Syzygium, Pseudanamomis > Eugenia, Regelia > Melaleuca, Rylstonea > Homoranthus, Stereocaryum > Eugenia, Tepualia > Metrosideros, Waterhousea > Syzygium

Feijoa synonym of Acca Monimiastrum (1980) > Eugenia

9. Onagraceae

17

675

17

22

790

+5

+6

+4

-5

Evening primrose or fuchsia family

Myrtales

Onagraceae

Oenothera. Megacorax (2002); segregated: Camissoniopsis (2007), Chylismiella (2007), Eremothera (2007), Neoholmgrenia (2009), Tetrapteron (2007); reinstated: Chylismia (< 2012), Eulobus (< 2012), Hemifuchsia (> 2012), Taraxia (< 2012); synonyms: Boisduvalia > Epilobium, Calylophus > Oenothera, Chamerion > Epilobium, Gaura > Oenothera, Stenosiphon > Oenothera

Heterogaura > Clarkia

11. Melastomataceae

200

4000

194

167

5887

-4

+7

+18

+11

-40

Melastome or blackmouth family

Myrtales

Melastomataceae

Melastoma. new: Benna (2022), Brasilianthus (2016), Physeterostemon (2006), Poilannammia (1988), Pyrotis (2020), Quipuanthus (2014), Vietsenia (1984); segregated: Almedanthus (2020), Anaheterotis (2017), Andesanthus (2019), Comoliopsis (1984), Eleotis (2020), Dissotidendron (2017), Feliciotis (2020), Heteroblemma (2013), Kerriothyrsus (1988), Nephoanthus (2022), Nothodissotis (2019), Pilocosta (1981), Poilannammias (1988), Pyrotis (2020), Rostranthera (2017), Stanmarkia (1993), Stussenia (1985), Wurdastom (1996); reinstated: Acisanthera (1987), Argyrella (2017), Bamlera, Bourdaria, Chaetogastra (> 2012), Dalenia (2021), Derosiphia (2020), Dupineta (2017), Noterophila (2017), Styrophyton (< 2012), Tashiroea (2019); synonyms: Anaectocalyx > Miconia, Behuria > Huberia, Benevidesia > Huberia, Brittenia > Phyllagathis, Calycogonium > Miconia, Catocoryne > Miconia, Chaetostoma > Microlicia, Charianthus > Miconia, Clidemia > Miconia, Conostegia > Miconia, Cyanandrium > Phyllagathis, Cyphostyla > Allomaieta, Diplarpea > Triolena, Dolichoura > Huberia, Enaulophyton > Phyllagathis, Henriettella > Henriettea, Huilaea > Chalybea, Killipia > Miconia, Lavoisiera > Microlicia, Leandra > Miconia, Llewelynia > Henriettea, Maieta > Miconia, Mecranium > Miconia, Microlepis > Pleroma, Myriaspora > Bellucia, Myrmidone > Miconia, Necramium > Miconia, Otanthera > Melastoma, Oxymeris > Miconia, Pachyanthus > Miconia, Pogonanthera Blume > Pachycentria, Pseudosbeckia > Dissotis, Rhodosepala > Nerophila, Stenodon > Microlicia, Svitramia > Pleroma, Tetrazygia > Miconia, Tibouchinopsis > Pleroma, Tococa > Miconia, Topobea > Blakea, Trembleya > Microlicia

Allomorphia, Campimia > Oxyspora Carionia, Hypenanthe > Medinilla Ekmaniocharis, Heterotrichum > Miconia Loreya > Bellucia, (Pleroma) > Tibouchina Mommsenia, Pleiochiton > Miconia Omphalopus > Dissochaeta Oritrephes > Anerincleistus Orthogoneuron, Veprecella > Gravesia Pentossaea (1989) > Ossaea Podocaelia > Osbeckia Stapfiophyton, Tylanthera (1990) > Phyllagathis; Tayloriophyton > Oxyspora Tetraphyllaster > Tristemma

12. Combretaceae

20

400

20

10

592

-11

+1

0

-12

Leadwood or brushwillow family

Myrtales

Combretaceae

Combretum. new: Dansiea (1981); synonyms: Anogeissus > Terminalia, Buchenavia > Terminalia, Bucida > Terminalia, Calopyxis > Combretum, Calycopteris > Getonia, Finetia > Terminalia, Meiostemon > Combretum, Pteleopsis > Terminalia, Quisqualis > Combretum, Ramatuela > Terminalia, Terminaliopsis > Terminalia, Thiloa > Combretum

Memecylaceae

III «

Memecylon family

from/into Melastomataceae

Myrtales

Memecylaceae

Memecylon. Lijndenia, Mouriri, Pternandra, Spathandra, Votomita, Warneckea (APG III only, thereafter to Melastomataceae)

7. Order Rhizophorales

order into:

Order Rhizophorales

1. Rhizophoraceae

14

100

14

15

156

+1

+1

0

Mangrove family

Malpighiales

Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophora. Paradrypetes from Euphorbiaceae

8. Order Cornales

Order Cornales

2. Nyssaceae ↘ '88 and back

3

7

5

36

+2

+2

Tupelo-tree or sour gum family

Cornales

Nyssaceae ↘ '88 and back

Nyssa. Diplopanax from Araliaceae; Mastixia from Cornaceae; Nyssaceae deleted 1988; re-introduced APG IV

Camptotheca in Cornaceae

1. Alangiaceae

1

20

1

↘

Alangium family

into Cornaceae

Cornales

Alangiaceae

Alangium moved to Cornaceae

3. Cornaceae

11

100

8

2

113

-9

-9

Dogwood family

Cornales

Cornaceae

Cornus. Aralidium moved to Toricelliaceae; Aucuba moved to Garryaceae; Corokia moved to Argophyllaceae; Curtisia moved to Curtisiaceae; Griselinia moved to Griseliniaceae; Helwingia moved to Helwingiaceae; Kaliphora moved to Montiniaceae; Mastixia moved to Nyssaceae; Melanophylla and Toricellia moved to Toricelliaceae

Aralidiun in Aralidiaceae, Aucuba in Aucubaceae, Corokia in Escalloniaceae, Kaliphora in Melanophyllaceae; Afrocrania > Cornus

Griseliniaceae

I

1

1

7

Kapuka family

from Cornaceae

Apiales

Griseliniaceae

Griseliniaceae (1987); Griselinia from Cornaceae

Torricelliaceae

I

1

3

11

Ivy-palm family

from Cornaceae

Apiales

Torricelliaceae

Toricellia, Aralidium and Melanophylla from Cornaceae

Melanophylla in Melanophyllaceae

Helwingiaceae

I

1

1

4

Flowering-rafts family

from Cornaceae

Aquifoliales

Helwingiaceae

Helwingia from Cornaceae

Curtisiaceae

II

1

1

Assegai family

from Cornaceae

Cornales

Curtisiaceae

Curtisiaceae (1987); Curtisia from Cornaceae

4. Garryaceae

1

13

1

2

27

+1

Silktassel or tasselbush family

Garryales

Garryaceae

Garrya. Aucuba from Cornaceae

Aucuba in Aucubaceae

140

13

15

199

-1

-1

0

9. Order Santalales

Order Santalales

1. Medusandraceae

1

1

2

-1

Medusandra family

into Peridiscaceae

Saxifragales

Medusandraceae

Medusandra.

Soyauxia in Flacourtiaceae

ex-Violales

2. Dipentodontaceae

1

1

1

2

20

+1

+1

Shichi family

Huerteales

Dipentodontaceae

Dipentodon. Perrottetia from Celastraceae

3. Olacaceae

25~30

250

27

28

180

0

+4

-2

-2

Tallow-wood or sourplum family

Santalales

Olacaceae

Olax. Schoepfia moved to Schoepfiaceae; Okoubaka moved to Santalaceae; new: Douradoa (1984), Engomegoma (1996), Hondurodendron (2010), Maburea (1992); synonyms: Dulacia Vell. > Olax, Liriosma > Olax

Schoepfiaceae

III

3

34

Whitewood family

from Olacaceae

Santalales

Schoepfiaceae

Schoepfia from Olacaceae, Arjona and Quinchamalium from Santalaceae

Erythropalaceae

APW

4

41

family not accepted at Kew

Erythropalum family

from Olacaceae

Santalales

Erythropalaceae

Erythropalum, Brachynema, Heisteria and Maburea in Olacaceae at Kew 2022

Strombosiaceae

APW

6

20

as above

Strombosia family

from Olacaceae

Santalales

Strombosiaceae

Strombosia, Diogoa, Engomegoma, Scorodocarpus, Strombosiopsis and Tetrastylidium in Olacaceae at Kew 2022

Coulaceae

APW

3

3

as above

Coula family

from Olacaceae

Santalales

Coulaceae

Coula, Minquartia and Ochanostachys in Olacaceae at Kew 2022

Ximeniaceae

APW

4

13

as above

Hog plum family

from Olacaceae

Santalales

Ximeniaceae

Ximenia, Curupira, Douradoa and Malania in Olacaceae at Kew 2022

Aptandraceae

APW

8

33

as above

Aptandra family

from Olacaceae

Santalales

Aptandraceae

Aptandra, Anacolosa, Cathedra, Chaunochiton, Harmandia, Hondurodendron, Ongokea and Phanerodiscus in Olacaceae at Kew 2022

Octoknemaceae

APW

1

14

as above

Octoknema family

from Olacaceae

Santalales

Octoknemaceae

Octoknema in Olacaceae at Kew 2022, leaving Olax and Ptychopetalum in Olacaceae at Mobot 2022

4. Opiliaceae

9

50

10

11

38

+2

+1

+1

Bally-coma family

Santalales

Opiliaceae

Opilia. Anthobolus from Santalaceae; segregated: Pentarhopalopilia (1987)

8. Viscaceae

7~8

350

7

↘

Christmas Mistletoe family

into Santalaceae

Santalales

Viscaceae

Viscum, Arceuthobium, Dendrophthora, Ginalloa, Korthalsella, Lepidoceras, Notothixos, Phoradendron moved to Santalaceae

9. Eremolepidaceae

3

12

3

↘

Catkin-mistletoe family

into Santalaceae

Santalales

Eremolepidaceae

Eremolepis, Antidaphne and Eubrachion moved to Santalaceae; synonyms: Eremolepis > Antidaphne

5. Santalaceae

35

400

37

43

1117

+8

+2

+2

+2

+9

-7

Sandalwoods family

Santalales

Santalaceae

Santalum. Okoubaka from Olacaceae; 8 genera from Viscaceae; Antidaphne and Eubrachion from Eremolepidaceae; Arjona and Quinchamalium moved to Schoepfiaceae; Anthobolus moved to Opiliaceae; new: Pilgerina (2008), Staufferia (2008); segregated: Elaphanthera (1988), Lacomucinaea (2015); reinstated: Henslowia (> 2012), Hylomyza (> 2012); synonyms: Cladomyza > Dendromyza, Colpoon > Osyris, Dufrenoya > Dendrotrophe, Kunkeliella > Thesium, Spirogardnera > Leptomeria, Thesidium > Thesium

6. Misodendraceae

1

10

1

1

8

Feathery mistletoes family

Santalales

Misodendraceae

Misodendrum

7. Loranthaceae

60~70

700

77

78

1230

+8

+5

+4

-1

(Showy) mistletoe family

Santalales

Loranthaceae

Loranthus. new: Septemeranthus (2021); segregated: Loranthella (2016), Oncocalyx (1985), Panamanthus (1991), Pusillanthus (2008); reinstated: Maracanthus (> 2012), Oedina (< 1992), Peristethium (2012), Passovia (2011); synonyms: Ixocactus > Phthirusa, Kingella > Trithecanthera, Tetradyas > Cyne

Psathyranthus > Psittacanthus Rhizomonanthes > Amyema

10. Balanophoraceae

19

45

17

16

57

-3

-1

-2

Snake-mushroom family

Santalales

Balanophoraceae

Balanophora. Cynomorium moved to Cynomoriaceae; synonyms: Exorhopala > Helosis, Latraeophila > Helosis

Mystropetalaceae

IV

4

13

family not accepted at Kew

Mystropetalon family

from Balanophoraceae

Santalales

Mystropetalaceae

Mystropetalon, Lophophytum, Ombrophytum, Rhopalocnemis in Balanophoraceae at Kew 2022

Cynomoriaceae

IV

1

1

Tarthuth or desert thumb family

from Balanophoraceae

Saxifragales

Cynomoriaceae

Cynomorium from Balanophoraceae

10. Order Rafflesiales

order into:

Order Rafflesiales

1. Hydnoraceae

2

10

2

-2

Hydnora family

into Aristolochiaceae

Piperales

Hydnoraceae

Hydnora, Prosopanche moved to Aristolochiaceae

2. Mitrastemonaceae

1

2

1

2

Nippledaisy family

Ericales

Mitrastemonaceae

Mitrastemon. (Cronquist: matter of taste to exclude it from Rafflesiaceae)

Mitrastemon in Rafflesiaceae

3. Rafflesiaceae

7

50

9

3

49

-4

-4

Corpse-flower or rafflesia family

Malpighiales

Rafflesiaceae

Rafflesia. Cytinus, Bdallophytum moved to Cytinaceae; Apodanthes, Pilostyles moved to Apodanthaceae; (Hutchinson prefers the name Cytinaceae to Rafflesiaceae)

Berlinianche > Pilostyles

Cytinaceae

III

2

12

Rockrose-rape family

from Rafflesiaceae

Malvales

Cytinaceae

Cytinus, Bdallophytum from Rafflesiaceae

Apodanthaceae

III

2

12

Stemsucker family

from Rafflesiaceae

Cucurbitales

Apodanthaceae

Apodanthaceae (1987); Apodanthes, Pilostyles from Rafflesiaceae

11. Order Celastrales

Order Celastrales

1. Geissolomataceae

1

1

1

1

1

Cape-cups family

Crossosomatales

Geissolomataceae

Geissoloma

3. Hippocrateaceae

2~12

300

+3

-25

Hippocratea family

into Celastraceae

Celastrales

Hippocrateaceae

Hippocratea and 21 other genera moved to Celastraceae; segregated: Arnicratea (1984), Semialarium (1983), Simicratea (1983)

4. Stackhousiaceae

3

22

3

-3

Mustard-tree family

into Celastraceae

Celastrales

Stackhousiaceae

Stackhousia, Macgregoria and Tripterococcus moved to Celastraceae

2. Celastraceae

50

800

85

98

1356

+35

+2

+5

+1

+27

-3

Staff vine or bittersweet family

Celastrales

Celastraceae

Celastrus. Brexia, Pottingeria from Grossulariaceae; 25 genera from Hippocrateaceae; Empleuridium from Rutaceae; Lepuropetalon, Parnassia from Saxifragaceae; Plagiopteron from Flacourtiaceae; Stackhousia, Macgregoria, Tripterococcus from Stackhousiaceae; Bhesa moved to Centroplacaceae; Goupia moved to Goupiaceae; Lophopyxis moved to Lophopyxidaceae; Perrottetia moved to Dipentodontaceae; new: Nicobariodendron (1986), Rzedowskia (1981); segregated: inghoua (2012), Haydenoxylon (2014 < Gymnosporia), Robsonodendron (1997), Trochantha (2011), Wilczekra (2013); reinstated: Gymnosporia (1999); synonyms: Chingithamnus > Microtropis, Myginda > Crossopetalum, Simirestis > Pristimera

Acanthothamnus, Canotia in Canotiaceae Katafa > Cedrelopsis (Rutaceae) Lepuropetalon, Parnassia in Parnassiaceae Plagiopteron in Plagiopteraceae Crocoxylon, Hartogiella (1983) > Elaeodendron

Scandivepres >= Acanthothamnus Managa (synonym of Protium, Burseraceae) at WFO in Celastraceae

Goupiaceae

I

1

1

2

Kopi family

from Celastraceae

Malpighiales

Goupiaceae

Goupia from Celastraceae

Lophopyxidaceae

II

1

1

1

Koteb family

from Celastraceae

Malpighiales

Lophopyxidaceae

Lophopyxis from Celastraceae

5. Salvadoraceae

3

12

3

3

10

Toothbrush-tree or mustard-tree family

Brassicales

Salvadoraceae

Salvadora

12. Tepuianthaceae

1

5

1

Tepuianthus family

into Thymelaeaceae

Malvales

Tepuianthaceae

Tepuianthus moved to Thymelaeaceae

6. Aquifoliaceae

4

350

2

1

577

-3

-2

-1

Holly family

Aquifoliales

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex. Sphenostemon (in Trimeniaceae at Hutchinson 1964) moved to Paracryphiaceae; Phelline moved to Phellinaceae; synonyms: Nemopanthus > Ilex

Phellinaceae

I

1

1

8

Corkfruit family

from Aquifoliaceae

Asterales

Phellinaceae

Phelline from Aquifoliaceae

7. Icacinaceae

50

400

53

24

160

-29

+1

+1

-27

-4

White pear or false-yam family

Icacinales

Icacinaceae

Icacina. 4 genera to Cardiopteridaceae; 1, 12 and 10 genera to 3 families hereunder; new: Sleumeria (2005); segregated: Vadensea (2019); synonyms: Chlamydocarya > Pyrenacantha, Nothapodytes > Mappia, Polycephalium > Pyrenacantha, Polyporandra > Iodes

Humirianthera > Casimirella

Calatola, Emmotum, Oecopetalum, Ottoschulzia at WFO still in Icacinaceae

Pennantiaceae

I

1

3

Kaikomako family

from Icacinaceae

Apiales

Pennantiaceae

Pennantia

Pennantia at Kew 1992 in Pennantiaceae

Stemonuraceae

II

12

79

Buff-beech family

from Icacinaceae

Aquifoliales, 2021 Cardiopteridales

Stemonuraceae

Stemonuraceae (2001); Stemonurus, Cantleya, Codiocarpus, Discophora, Gastrolepis, Gomphandra, Grisollea, Hartleya, Irvingbaileya, Lasianthera, Medusanthera, Whitmorea

Metteniusaceae

IV

10

65

Urupagua family

from Icacinaceae

Metteniusales

Metteniusaceae

Metteniusa, Apodytes, Calatola, Dendrobangia, Emmotum, Oecopetalum, Ottoschulazia, Platea, Poraqueiba, Raphiostylis

several genera at WFO still in Icacinaceae

9. Cardiopteridaceae

1

3

1

5

41

+4

+4

Churnwood family

Aquifoliales, 2021 Cardiopteridales

Cardiopteridaceae

Cardiopteris. Citronella, Gonocaryum, Leptaulus and Pseudobotrys from Icacinaceae; Dendrobangia (now in Metteniusaceae) at a time in Cardiopteridaceae, from Icacinaceae; Peripterygium >= Cardiopteris

8. Aextoxicaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Olivillo family

Berberidopsidales

Aextoxicaceae

Aextoxicon

10. Corynocarpaceae

1

5

1

1

5

Cribwood family

Cucurbitales

Corynocarpaceae

Corynocarpus

11. Dichapetalaceae

3

335

3

3

205

Ratbane or poison-leaf family

Malpighiales

Dichapetalaceae

Dichapetalum

12. Order Euphorbiales

order into:

Order Euphorbiales

1. Buxaceae

5

60

5

6

128

+1

+1

Box(wood) family

Buxales

Buxaceae

Buxus. Didymeles from Didymelaceae

2. Simmondsiaceae

1

1

1

1

1

Jojoba family

Caryophyllales

Simmondsiaceae

Simmondsia

3. Pandaceae

3

26

4

3

17

Kana-nut family

Malpighiales

Pandaceae

Panda

4. Euphorbiaceae

300

7500

331

228

6626

-88

+5

+17

+10

-76

-30

Spurge family

Malpighiales

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia. 5, 47, 20, 2 genera moved to Peraceae, Phyllanthaceae, Picrodendraceae, Putranjivaceae; Myladenia moved to Xylosma (Salicaceae); Paradrypetes moved to Rhizophoraceae; Phyllanoa moved to Violaceae (1996), but back in 2023; new: Brasiliocroton (2005), Gradyana (2015), Myricanthe (1980), Radcliffea (2006), Tsaiodendron (2017); segregated: Aubletiana (2000), Balakata (1999), Colobocarpos (2001), Dendrothrix (1993), Enriquebeltrania (1980), Garciadelia (2010), Karima (2016), Lobanilia (1989), Neoshirakia (1998), Pleradenophora (2001), Plesiatropha (2005), Pseudosenefeldera (2001), Rhodothyrsus (1999), Schinziophyton (1990), Shirakiopsis (1999), Shonia (2005), Spegazziniophytum (2001); reinstated: Anomostachys (1996), Astraea (2008), Bia (2007), Ditrysinia (2000), Gitara (2016), Hancea (2007), Pausandra (1987), Romanoa (1980), Tritaxis (2019), Zuckertia (2013); synonyms: Anomalocalyx > Dodecastigma, Chamaesyce > Euphorbia, Coccoceras > Mallotus, Cordemoya > Hancea, Crotonopsis > Croton, Cubanthus > Euphorbia, Cunuria > Micrandra, Deuteromallotus > Hancea, Dimorphocalyx > Tritaxis, Domohinea > Tannodia, Elaeophorbia > Euphorbia, Eleutherostigma > Plukenetia, Endadenium > Euphorbia, Eremocarpus > Croton, Gavarretia > Conceveiba, Julocroton > Croton, Loerzingia > Deutzianthus, Moacroton > Croton, Monadenium > Euphorbia, Neoholstia > Tannodia, Neotrewia > Mallotus, Octospermum > Mallotus, Parapantadenia >Pantadenia, Pedilanthus > Euphorbia, Poinsettia > Euphorbia, Symphyllia > Epiprinus, Synadenium > Euphorbia, Tetraplandra > Algernonia, Trevia > Mallotus, Vigia > Plukenetia

Apodandra, Elaeophora > Plukenetia Ctenomeria (reinstated 2014) > Tragia Cubacroton > Croton Duvigneaudia > Gymnanthes Fahrenheitia > Paracroton Fragariopsis, Pterococcus > Plukenetia Lautembergia > Orfilea Manihotoides > Manihot Megalostylis > Dalechampia Poilaniella > Trigonostemon Pseudocroton > Morisonia (Capparaceae) Tetracarpidium > Plukenetia

Peraceae

III

5

112

Lightning-bush family

from Euphorbiaceae

Malpighiales

Peraceae

Pera, Chaetocarpus, Clutia, Pogonophora, Trigonopleura

Mettenia > Chaetocarpus

Phyllanthaceae

II

60

2086

+2

+8

-10

Leafflower family

from Euphorbiaceae

Malpighiales

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus. Lingelsheimia from Putranjivaceae; new: Distichirhops (2000), Weda (2020); segregated: Chicomendes (2021), Heterosavia (2008), Jablonskia (1984), Nothobaccaurea (2000), Notoleptopus (2008), Phyllanthopsis (2008), Plagiocladus (1987), Pseudophyllanthus (2008); synonyms: Aerisilvaea > Lingelsheimia, Blotia > Wielandia, Meborea > Phyllanthus, Oreoporanthera > Poranthera, Petalodiscus > Wielandia, Reverchonia > Phyllanthus, Richeriella > Flueggea, Sauropus > Breynia, Zimmermannia > Meineckia, Zimmermanniopsis > Meineckia

Danguyodrypetes > Lingelsheimia Hexaspermum > Phyllanthus Kleinodendron > Savia Pseudosagotia (1985) > Croizatia

Lingelsheimia at WFO in Putranjivaceae since May 2019

Picrodendraceae

II

25

98

+3

-2

Hollyspurge family

from Euphorbiaceae

Malpighiales

Picrodendraceae

Picrodendron. (Picrodendraceae at Hutchinson 1964); segregated: Kairothamnus (1980), Scagea (1986), Stachyandra (1990); synonyms: Canaca > Austrobuxus, Celaenodendron > Piranhea

Putranjivaceae

III

2

218

+1

-1

Childlife-tree family

from Euphorbiaceae

Malpighiales

Putranjivaceae

Putranjiva, Drypetes from Euphorbiaceae; Lingelsheimia moved to Phyllanthaceae from Euphorbiaceae (2005); synonyms: Sibangea > Drypetes

Cometia > Drypetes

Centroplacaceae

III

2

9

Biku-biku family

from Pandaceae

Malpighiales

Centroplacaceae

Centroplacaceae (2005); Centroplacus from Pandaceae; Bhesa from Celastraceae

Centroplacus at Kew 1992 in Pandaceae

13. Order Rhamnales

order into:

Order Rhamnales

1. Rhamnaceae

55

900

51

64

1191

+13

+2

+8

+4

-1

Buckthorn family

Rosales

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus. new: Araracuara (2008), Fenghwaia (2021); segregated: Granitites (1996), Jaffrea (2015), Johnstonalia (2006), Papistylus (2007), Polianthion (2006), Pseudoziziphus (2016), Serichonus (2007); reinstated: Blackallia (2007), Ochetophila (2005), Oreorhamnus (> 2012), Phyllogeiton (2021), Sarcomphalus (2016); synonyms: Dallachya > Rhamnella, Pleuranthodes > Gouania

Chaydaia > Rhamnella Talguenea > Trevoa Hybosperma > Colubrina

Frangula synonym of Rhamnus

2. Leeaceae

1

70

1

Leea family

into Vitaceae

Vitales

Leeaceae

Leea↘

3. Vitaceae

11

700

14

18

1027

+6

+3

+2

+1

0

Grapevine family

Vitales

Vitaceae

Vitis. Leea from Leeaceae; segregated: Afrocayratia (2020), Pseudocayratia (2018), Yua (1990); reinstated: Causonis (2013), Nekemias (2014)

Nothocissus (1982) > Ampelocissus Pterocissus > Cissus

14. Order Linales

order into:

Order Linales

1. Erythroxylaceae

4

200

4

4

279

Coca family

Malpighiales

Erythroxylaceae

Erythroxylum

2. Humiriaceae

8

50

8

8

64

Umiri family

Malpighiales

Humiriaceae

Humiriastrum

3. Ixonanthaceae

5

30

5

4

18

-1

-1

Twentymen-tree family

Malpighiales

Ixonanthaceae

Ixonanthes. Allantospermum moved to Irvingiaceae

4. Hugoniaceae

7

60

Hugonia family

into Linaceae

Malpighiales

Hugoniaceae

Hugonia, Durandea, Hebepetalum, Indorouchera, Philbornea, Roucheria moved to Linaceae; Ctenolophon ↙

Ctenolophonaceae

I

1

1

2

+1

Litoh family

from Hugoniaceae

Malpighiales

Ctenolophonaceae

Ctenolophon from Hugoniaceae; (already in Ctenolophonaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

Ctenolophon in Ctenolophonaceae

5. Linaceae

6

220

14

9

282

+3

+6

-3

Flax or Linseed Family

Malpighiales

Linaceae

Linum. Durandea, Hebepetalum, Hugonia, Indorouchera, Philbornea, Roucheria from Hugoniaceae (already in Linaceae at Hutchinson 1964); synonyms: Durandea > Hugonia, Philbornea > Hugonia, Sclerolinon > Linum

Cliococca > Linum Hesperolinon > Linum

15. Order Polygalales

order into:

Order Polygalales

1. Malpighiaceae

60

1200

65

77

1462

+20

+2

+15

+4

-1

Acerola or Barbados cherry family

Malpighiales

Malpighiaceae

Malpighia. new: Ectopopterys (1980), Madagasikaria (2002); segregated: Adelphia (2006), Alicia (2006), Amorimia (2006), Andersoniodoxa (2020), Barnebya (1981), Bronwenia (2007), Calcicola (2007), Carolus (2006), Christianella (2006), Excentradenia (1997), Glicophyllum (2021), Niedenzuella (2006), Peregrina (1985), Psychopterys (2007), Verrucularina (1982); reinstated: Callaeum (1986), Gallardoa (< 1992), Malpighiodes (2006), Triaspis (< 1992); synonyms: Clonodia > Heteropterys

2. Vochysiaceae

7

200

7

8

244

+1

+1

0

+1

-1

0

Quaruba family

Myrtales

Vochysiaceae

Vochysia. Euphronia moved to Euphroniaceae; new: Korupodendron (2002); reinstated: Ruizterania (< 1992)

Euphroniaceae

I

1

1

3

Euphronia family

from Vochysiaceae

Malpighiales

Euphroniaceae

Euphroniaceae (1989); Euphronia from Vochysiaceae; (Euphronia in Trigoniaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

3. Trigoniaceae

3

26

4

5

33

+2

+2

Triangle-vine family

Malpighiales

Trigoniaceae

Trigonia. Trigoniastrum moved to Polygalaceae and back; new: Isidodendron (2000), Trigoniodendron (1987)

4. Tremandraceae

3

28

3

Tremandra family

into Elaeocarpaceae

Oxalidales

Tremandraceae

Tremandra, Platytheca, Tetratheca moved to Elaeocarpaceae

6. Xanthophyllaceae

1

40

↘

Xanthophyllum family

into Polygalaceae

Fabales

Xanthophyllaceae

Xanthophyllum moved to Polygalaceae

Xanthophyllum here in Polygalaceae

5. Polygalaceae

12+

750

19

29

1340

+10

+6

+5

-1

Milkwort family

Fabales

Polygalaceae

Polygala. Trigoniastrum from Trigoniaceae and back; Xanthophyllum from Xanthophyllaceae; Emblingia moved to Emblingiaceae; segregated: Ancylotropis (1993), Caamembeca (2012), Gymnospora (2013), Hebecarpa (2011), Rhamphopetalum (2019), Rhinotropis (2011); reinstated: Asemeia (2012), Heterosamara (1998), Monrosia (2020), Phlebotaenia (< 1992 and > 2012), Polygaloides (2011); synonyms: Nylandtia > Muraltia

Acanthocladus synonym of Polygala Balgoya (1991) > Moutabea Hualania synonym of Bredemeyera

Emblingiaceae

I

1

1

1

Slippercreeper family

from Polygalaceae

Brassicales

Emblingiaceae

Emblingia from Polygalaceae

7. Krameriaceae

1

15

1

1

17

Rhatany family

Zygophyllales

Krameriaceae

Krameria

16. Order Sapindales

Order Sapindales

1. Staphyleaceae

5

50

3

3

43

-2

+1

-2

-1

Bladdernut family

Crossosomatales

Staphyleaceae

Staphylea. Huertea and Tapiscia moved to Tapisciaceae; reinstated: Dalrympelea (2010); synonyms: Euscaphis > Staphylea

Tapisciaceae

II

2

6

Silverpheasant-tree family

from Staphyleaceae

Huerteales

Tapisciaceae

Tapisciaceae (1987); Tapiscia

2. Melianthaceae

2

16

2

-2

Melianthus family

into Francoaceae

Geraniales

Melianthaceae

Melianthus and Bersama moved to Francoaceae

Francoa, Bersama, Melianthus: ex-Melianthaceae

3. Bretschneideraceae

1

1

1

↘

Bretschneidera family

into Akaniaceae

Brassicales

Bretschneideraceae

Bretschneidera moved to Akaniaceae; (Bretschneidera in Sapindaceae at Hutchinson 1964)

4. Akaniaceae

1

1

1

2

5

+1

Turnipwood family

Brassicales

Akaniaceae

Akania. Bretschneidera from Bretschneideraceae

6. Hippocastanaceae

2

16

2

↘

Horse-chestnut family

into Sapindaceae

Sapindales

Hippocastanaceae

Aesculus and Billia moved to Sapindaceae

5. Sapindaceae

140

1500

134

143

1992

+5

+4

+4

+3

+1

-7

Soapberry family

Sapindales

Sapindaceae

Sapindus. Aesculus and Billia from Hippocastanaceae; Acer and Dipteronia from Aceraceae; Bottegoa, Cedrelopsis and Ptaeroxylon moved to Rutaceae; new: Alatococcus (2012), Allophylastrum (2011), Haplocoelopsis (1997), Hirania (2007); segregated: Cnesmocarpon (1993), Gereaua (2010), Lepidocupania (2020), Neoarytera (2020); reinstated: Euphorianthus (1988), Handeliodendron (< 2012), Omalocarpus (± 2012); synonyms: Allosanthus > Thinouia, Aphania > Lepisanthes, Erioglossum > Lepisanthes, Houssayanthus > Serjania, Hypseloderma > Camptolepis, Otophora > Lepisanthes, Ratonia > Matayba, Tinopsis > Tina

Cedrelopsis, Ptaeroxylon in Ptaeroxylaceae Neotina > Tina

7. Aceraceae

2

112

2

↗

Maple family

into Sapindaceae

Sapindales

Aceraceae

Acer and Dipteronia moved to Sapindaceae

8. Burseraceae

16~20

600

18

18

770

+2

+4

0

+1

-1

-2

Torchwood family

Sapindales

Burseraceae

Bursera. Tapirocarpus moved into Talisia, Sapindaceae; new: Ambilobea (2008), Beiselia (1987),Pseudodacryodes (1997), Rosselia (1994); reinstated: Pachylobus (2018); synonyms: Crepidospermum > Protium, Tetragastris > Protium

Paraprotium > Protium

Managa (synonym of Protium) at WFO in Celastraceae

10. Julianiaceae

2

6

↘

Juliania family

into Anacardiaceae

Sapindales

Julianiaceae

Amphipterygium, Orthopterygium ↙

9. Anacardiaceae

60~80

600

68

79

946

+7

+2

+1

+9

+2

-7

Cashew or wild currant family

Sapindales

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium. new: Attilaea (2007), Poupartiopsis (2006); segregated: Abrahamia (2017); reinstated: Allospondias (> 2012), Baronia (< Rhus > 2012), Campylopetalum (< 2012), Dobinea (< 2012), Malosma (< 2012), Myracrodruon (< 2012), Searsia (< 2012), Solenocarpus (> 2023), Thyrsodium (1984); synonyms: Euleria > Picrasma, Melanorrhoea > Gluta, Odina > Lannea, Quebrachia > Schinopsis

Campylopetalum, Dobinea in Podoaceae Euleria > Picrasma, Simaroubaceae Melanococca (reinstated) > Rhus

11. Simaroubaceae

25

150

24

20

122

-4

+2

-4

-2

Tree-of-Heaven or quassia family

Sapindales

Simaroubaceae

Simarouba. Leitneria from Leitneriaceae; Alvaradoa and Picramnia moved to Picramniaceae; Irvingia moved to Irvingiaceae; Kirkia moved to Kirkiaceae; Rechia moved to Surianaceae; reinstated: Homalolepis (2018), Samadera (± 2012); synonyms: Amaroria > Soulamea, Pleiokirkia > Kirkia

Harrisonia elsewhere in Rutaceae Laumoniera (1987) > Brucea

Irvingiaceae

I

3

4

12

Ogbono-nut family

from Simaroubaceae

Malpighiales

Irvingiaceae

Irvingia, Desbordesia, Klainedoxa from Simaroubaceae; Allantospermum from Ixonanthaceae; (Irvingiaceae already at Hutchinson 1964)

Irvingiaceae already at Kew 1992

Picramniaceae

I

4

70

+1

+1

Bitterbush family

from Simaroubaceae

Picramniales

Picramniaceae

Picramniaceae (1995); Picramnia, Alvaradoa from Simaroubaceae; new: Aenigmanu (2021); segregated: Nothotalisia (2011)

Kirkiaceae

I

1

6

White-seringa family

from Simaroubaceae

Sapindales

Kirkiaceae

Kirkia

13. Meliaceae

51

550

51

58

748

+7

+5

+5

-3

Mahogany or neem family

Sapindales

Meliaceae

Melia. segregated: Astrotrichilia (1989), Neoguarea (2012), Pseudoclausena (1994); reinstated: Anthocarapa (1985), Didymocheton (2021), Epicharis (2021), Goniocheton (2021), Heynea (< 2012), Leplaea (2012), Prasoxylon (2021); synonyms: Amoora > Aglaia, Megaphyllaea > Chisocheton, Milnea > Aglaia

12. Cneoraceae

1

3

1

↘

Cneorum family

into Rutaceae

Sapindales

Cneoraceae

Cneorum

14. Rutaceae

150

1500

158

152

2203

+2

+5

+9

+12

+3

-27

Rue or citrus family

Sapindales

Rutaceae

Ruta. Bottegoa, Cedrelopsis, Ptaeroxylon from Sapindaceae; Cneorum from Cneoraceae; Empleuridium moved to Celastraceae; Bouzetia moved into Suriana, Surianaceae; new: Andreadoxa (1998), Dutailliopsis (1997), Neobyrnesia (1980), Rutaneblina (1984), Sheilanthera (1981); segregated: Crossosperma (1997), Desmotes (1992), Dinosperma (1997), Dryades (2020 < Conchocarpus), Leionema (1998), Maclurodendron (1982), Neoschmidia (2003), Perryodendron (1997), Pitaviaster (1997); reinstated: Afraurantium (< 2012), Bergera (2009), Bouzetia (< 2012), Conchocarpus (< 2012), Ertela (< 2012), Ivodea (< 2012), Neoraputia (< 2012), Picrella (< 2012), Raputiarana (± 2012), Sigmatanthus (± 2012), Sohnreyia (± 2012), Toxosiphon (< 2012); synonyms: Achuaria > Raputia, Almeidea > Conchocarpus, Araliopsis > Brassaiopsis in Araliaceae, Boninia > Melicope, Boronella > Boronia, Coombea > Medicosma, Dendrosma > Geijera, Diphasia > Vepris, Diphasiopsis > Vepris, Echinocitrus > Triphasia, Eremocitrus > Citrus, Evodiella > Melicope, Fortunella > Citrus, Merrillia > Murraya, Microcitrus > Citrus, Monnieria > Ertela, Nycticalanthus > Spiranthera, Oricia > Vepris, Oriciopsis > Vepris, Oxanthera > Citrus, Platydesma > Melicope, Poncirus > Citrus, Severinia > Atalantia, Teclea > Vepris, Toddalia > Zanthoxylum, Toddaliopsis > Vepris, Urocarpus > Asterolasia

Cedrelopsis, Ptaeroxylon in Ptaeroxylaceae Harrisonia in Simaroubaceae Bottegoa in Sapindaceae Kodalyodendron > Amyris Limnocitrus > Pleiospermium Tractocopevodia > Melicope

15. Zygophyllaceae

30

250

27

22

359

-7

+1

-4

-4

Creosote Bush or Devil-thorn family

Zygophyllales

Zygophyllaceae

Zygophyllum. Malacocarpus, Nitraria, Peganum, Tetradiclis moved to Nitrariaceae; segregated: Melocarpum (2003); synonym: Augea > Zygophyllum, Fagonia > Zygophyllum, Sarcozygium > Zygophyllum, Tetraena > Zygophyllum

Balanites in Balanitaceae

Nitrariaceae

II

4

16

Nitrebush family

from Zygophyllaceae

Sapindales

Nitrariaceae

Nitraria

17. Order Geraniales

Order Geraniales

1. Oxalidaceae

7~8

900

6

5

667

-3

-2

-1

Wood sorrel family

Oxalidales

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis. Hypseocharis moved to Geraniaceae; Lepidobotrys moved to Lepidobotryaceae; synonyms: Arracacha > Oxalis

Lepidobotryaceae

I

1

2

2

+1

0

Snail-cedar family

from Oxalidaceae

Celastrales

Lepidobotryaceae

Lepidobotrys. new: Ruptiliocarpon (1993); (Lepidobotryaceae earlier at Hutchinson 1964)

2. Geraniaceae

11

700

11

8

927

-3

+1

0

-5

+1

Geranium or Crane's-bill family

Geraniales

Geraniaceae

Geranium. Hypseocharis from Oxalidaceae; Balbisia, Rhynchotheca, Viviania (at a time in Vivianiaceae) moved to Francoaceae; Biebersteinia moved to Biebersteiniaceae; Dirachma moved to Dirachmaceae; new: California (2002); synonym: Wendtia > Balbisia

Rhynchotheca moved at WFO to Francoaceae in December 2021

Dirachmaceae

I

1

2

Rachman family

from Geraniaceae

Rosales

Dirachmaceae

Dirachma

Biebersteiniaceae

I

1

4

Khardug family

from Geraniaceae

Sapindales

Biebersteiniaceae

Biebersteinia

3. Limnanthaceae

2

11

2

2

8

Meadowfoam or false mermaid family

Brassicales

Limnanthaceae

Limnanthes

4. Tropaeolaceae

3

92

3

1

94

-2

-2

Nasturtium family

Brassicales

Tropaeolaceae

Tropaeolum. synonyms: Magallana > Tropaeolum; Trophaeastrum > Tropaeolum; "Nasturtium is in Brassicaceae"

5. Balsaminaceae

2

450

2

2

1098

Balsam family

Ericales

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens

18. Order Apiales

Order Apiales

1. Araliaceae

70

700

47

46

1665

-27

+4

+5

-3

-33

Ivy or cabbage tree or ginseng family

Apiales

Araliaceae

Aralia. Hydrocotyle, Trachymene from Apiaceae; Delarbrea, Myodocarpus moved to Myodocarpaceae; Diplopanax moved to Nyssaceae; Apiopetalum, Mackinlaya moved to Apiaceae; segregated: Cephalopanax (2021), Chengiopanax (1993), Frodinia (2021), Metapanax (2001); reinstated: Astropanax (> 2012), Heptapleurum (> 2012), Neopanax (< 2012), Raukaua (< 2012), Sciodaphyllum (> 2012); synonyms: Acanthopanax > Eleutherococcus, Agalma > Heptapleurum, Anomopanax > Mackinlaya in Apiaceae, Arthrophyllum > Polyscias, Boerlagiodendron > Osmoxylon, Boninofatsia > Fatsia, Botryopanax > Polyscias, Brassaia > Heptapleurum, Cuphocarpus > Polyscias, Dipanax > Polyscias, Dizygotheca > Plerandra, Eremopanax > Polyscias, Euaraliopsis > Brassaiopsis, Evodiopanax > Gamblea, Gastonia > Polyscias, Gelibia > Polyscias, Geopanax > Astropanax, Hederopsis > Macropanax, Kissodendron > Polyscias, Munroidendron > Polyscias, Nothopanax > Polyscias, Parapentapanax > Aralia, Pentapanax > Aralia, Porospermum > Delarbrea in Myodocarpaceae, Pseudosciadium > Delarbrea in Myodocarpaceae, Reynoldsia > Polyscias, Schizomeryta > Meryta, Sciadodendron > Aralia, Sciadopanax > Polyscias, Stilbocarpa > Azorella in Apiaceae, Tetraplasandra > Polyscias, Tupidanthus > Heptapleurum, Wardenia > Brassaiopsis

Diplopanax in Cornaceae Hunaniopanax (1988) > Aralia

Myodocarpaceae

II

2

15

Mousefruit family

from Araliaceae

Apiales

Myodocarpaceae

Myodocarpaceae (2001); Myodocarpus, Delarbrea from Araliaceae

2. Apiaceae

250

3000

428

447

3918

+127

+23

+68

+43

0

-7

check Carrot family

Apiales

Apiaceae

Apium. Apiopetalum, Mackinlaya from Araliaceae; Hydrocotyle, Trachymene moved to Araliaceae; new: Autumnalia (1989), Billburttia (2009), Brachyscias (1999), Chuanminshen (1980), Dahliaphyllum (1994), Dracosciadium (1986), Helania (2020), Horstrissea (1990), Kamelinia (1992), Kelussia (2003), Keraymonia (1985), Kuramosciadium (2011), Normantha (2017), Opsicarpium (2003), Pseudoridolfia (2009), Registaniella (1987), Rivasmartinezia (2014), Rohmooa (2002), Scaraboides (2009), Shoshonea (1982), Shrirangia (2022), Synclinostyles (2002), Xyloselinum (2006); segregated: Afrosciadium (2008), Andriana (1999), Arafoe (1989), Arcuatopterus (1986), Azilia (1987), Berberocarum (2022), Bilacunaria (1983), Canaria (2015), Cannaboides (1999), Caropsis (1982), Cnidiocarpa (1983), Cyclorhiza (1980), Demavendia (1987), Ekimia (1999), Ezosciadium (1991), Fergania (1982), Gongylosciadium (1987), Gongylotaxis (1996), Haloselinum (2012), Kadenia (1986), Kafirnigania (1984), Kailashia (2005), Karatavia (1987), Karnataka (1986), Kedarnatha (1986), Kitagawia (1986), Komaroviopsis (2021), Lalldhwojia (1984), Laserocarpum (2019), Leutea (1987), Lomatocarpa (1982), Magadania (1985), Modesciadium (2015), Nanobubon (2008), Neoconopodium (1987), Neomuretia (2016), Notobubon (2008), Oreocomopsis (1996), Oreoschimperella (1982), Parapimpinella (2014), Paulita (1982), Petroedmondia (1987), Pinda (1986), Polemanniopsis (1989), Postiella (1985), Pseudocannaboides (1999), Pseudotrachydium (2000), Rhizomatophora (2012), Rupiphila (1986), Sajanella (1980), Schoenoselinum (2015), Scrithacola (1980), Shomalia (2022), Siculosciadium (2013), Sillaphyton (2016), Silphiodaucus (2016), Similisinocarum (1984), Sivadasania (2007), Sphaerosciadium (1981), Tamamschjanella (1996), Tamamschjania (1981), Tana (1999), Thamnosciadium (1985), Tschulaktavia (2012), Vesper (2012), Villarrealia (2012), Vinogradovia (2017), Yildirimlia (2020); reinstated: Astomaea (1982), Calyptrosciadium (2004), Caropodium (2017), Cynorhiza (2008), Dasispermum (1988), Dethawia (1993), Deverra (< 2012), Dichoropetalum (2007), Elwendia (2013), Glia (1991), Hansenia (< 2012), Harperella (2012), Helosciadium (2010), Hymenidium (< 2012), Kenopleurum (> 2012), Leiotulus (< 2012), Lereschia (± 2012), Lithosciadium (< 2012), Lomatocarum (> 2012), Meeboldia (1991), Mutellina (1994), Neogaya (2016), Opoidia (> 2012), Oreocome (2001), Ostericum (< 2012), Pentapeltis (± 2012), Petagnaea (1982), Pleurospermopsis (< 1992), Polyzygus (> 2012), Pterocyclus (2002), Schoenolaena (< 1992), Sclerosciadium (± 2012), Siler (> 2012), Spiroceratium (> 2012), Stenosemis (± 2012), Stenotaenia (< 2012), Stewartiella (1987), Taeniopetalum (1987), Tiedemannia (2008), Trocdaris (2012), Turgeniopsis (> 2012), Visnagas (> 2012), Xanthogalum (> 2012); synonyms: Canaria > Rutheopsis, Dorema > Ferula, Haplosphaera > Hansenia, Huanaca > Azorella, Komarovia > Komaroviopsis, Polylophium > Laser, Sinodielsia > Meeboldia; Apiaceae was previously called Umbelliferae

family here still called Umbelliferae Aframmi > Heteromorpha Afrocarum > Berula Afrosison, Pancicia > Pimpinella Agrocharis, Ammiopsis > Daucus Ainsworthia > Tordilium Aletes, Oreoxis > Cymopterus Alococarpum > Prangos Alposelinum > Lomatocarpa Angelocarpa, Sphenosciadium > Angelica Chamaele > Aegopodium Coxella > Aciphylla Distichoselinum, Elaeoselinum > Thapsia Eriocycla, Sphenocarpus > Seseli Eriosynaphe, Pinacantha > Ferula Erythroselinum > Lefebvrea Glochidotheca > Turgeniopsis Guillonea, Margotia > Thapsia Hacquetia > Sanicula Imperatoria, Ormosolenia > Peucedanum Johreniopsis > Dichoropetalum Kosopoljanskia > Schrenkia

Laretia > Azorella Leibergia > Tauschia Ligusticella > Podistera Malabaila > Pastinaca Mandenovia > Trigonosciadium Melanoselinum, Monizia > Daucus Mulinum > Azorella Myrrhoides, Oreomyrrhis > Chaerophyllum Neosciadium > Hydrocotyle (Araliaceae) Notopterygium > Hansenia Orogenia > Lomatium Pachyctenium, Pseudorlaya > Daucus Pituranthos > Deverra Pseudocymopterus, Pteryxia > Cymopterus Rouya, Tornabenea > Daucus Rumia > Trinia Schizeilema > Azorella Sonderina > Dasispermum Spuriodaucus > Physotrichia Tinguarra > Athamanta Tommasinia > Peucedanum Uldinia > Trachymene (Araliaceae)

6. Subclass Asteridae

Subclass Asteridae

1. Order Gentianales

Order Gentianales

1. Loganiaceae

20

500

20

16

500

-6

+4

-8

-2

Indian-pink or wild elder family

Gentianales

Loganiaceae

Logania. Desfontainia moved to Columelliaceae; Anthocleista, Fagraea and Potalia moved to Gentianaceae; Gelsemium and Mostuea moved to Gelsemiceae; Plocosperma moved to Plocospermataceae; Polypremum moved to Tetrachondraceae; segregated: Adelphacme (2013), Orianthera (2014), Phyllangium (1996), Schizacme (1996); synonyms: Coinochlamys > Mostuea, Labordia > Geniostoma

Pseudospigelia > Spigelia

Gelsemiaceae

I

3

14

Yellow-jessamine family

from Loganiaceae

Gentianales

Gelsemiaceae

Gelsemiaceae (1995); Gelsemium, Mostuea from Loganiaceae; Pteleocarpa from Boraginaceae

2. Retziaceae '88 > Solanales

1

1

1

Retzia family

into Stilbaceae

Lamiales

Retziaceae '88 > Solanales

Retzia moved to Stilbaceae

3. Gentianaceae

75

1000

76

103

1862

+31

+5

+13

12

+4

-3

Gentian family

Gentianales

Gentianaceae

Gentiana. Anthocleista, (Cyrtophyllum >) Fagraea and Potalia from Loganiaceae, Saccifolium from Saccifoliaceae; new: Aripuana (1997), Lomatogoniopsis (1980), Neblinantha (1985), Sipapoantha (1989), Yanomamua (2006); segregated: Celiantha (1981), Duplipetala (2003), Klackenbergia (2009), Kuepferia (2014), Limahlania (2012), Metagentiana (2002), Ornichia (1986), Rogersonanthus (1989), Roraimaea (2008), Sinogentiana (2014), Sinoswertia (2013), Tetrapollinia (1989), Zeltnera (2004); reinstated: Calolisianthus (< Irlbachia, > 2012), Chelonanthus (< 2012), Exochaenium (2012), Gyrandra (2004), Helia (< 2012), Lagenanthus (< 2012), Lagenias (2012), Latouchea (< 1992), Picrophloeus (> 2012), Purdieanthus (< 2012), Schenkia (2004), Utania (2012); synonyms: Cotylanthera > Exacum, Leianthus > Lisianthus, Leiphaimos > Voyria

Lapithea > Sabatia Wurdackanthus > Symbolanthus

Trachysperma, synonym of Nymphoides, Menyanthaceae at WFO as accepted genus in Gentianaceae

4. Saccifoliaceae

1

1

1

Saccifolium family

into Gentianaceae

Gentianales

Saccifoliaceae

Saccifolium moved to Gentianaceae

5. Apocynaceae

200

2000

168

376

7619

+212

+7

+37

+29

+315

-176

Dogbane family

Gentianales

Apocynaceae

Apocynum. new: Baharuia (1995), Baynesia (2000), Ecua (1996), Socotrella (2002), Thoreauea (2002), Topea (2017), Tressensia (2017); segregated: Anemotrochus (2016), Aspidonepsis (1992), Atrostemma (2015), Austrochthamalia (2013), Bahiella (2006), Ballyanthus (2000), Brargentina (2016), Buckollia (1994), Caa (2020, new 2012), Calciphila (2006), Calyptranthera (1996), Caudanthera (1995), Chloropetalum (2015), Cristobalia (2016), Gongreos (2022), Gongronemopsis (2022), Hylaea (1999), Larryleachia (1996), Minaria (2006), Monolluma (1995), Monsanima (2014), Morilloa (2014), Mucoa (1988), Orinoquia (2015), Papuahoya (2020), Peruviasclepias (2015), Pinochia (2007), Pruskortizia (2016), Pseudolachnostoma (2012), Rhytidostemma (2013), Richtersveldia (2002), Riparoampelos (2015), Rotundanthus (2015), Sinomarsdenia (1997), Spongiosperma (1988), Talayotea (2021), Vulcanoa (2015); reinstated: Amphineurion (2006), Apteranthes (1995), Australluma (> 2012), Boucerosia (> 2012), Cascabela (1980), Chthamalia, Desmidorchis (2002), Dictyanthus, Dolichopetalum (< 2012), Ephippiocarpa (< 2012), Ischnolepis (1999), Jasminanthes (1995), Kamettia (1986), Kerbera (± 2012), Maclaudia (± 2012), Mahawoa (> 2012), Manothrix (< 2012), Parepigynum (< 2012), Pentalinon (1986), Pervillaea (1996), Petalostelma (< 2012), Ruehssia (2019), Schizostephanus (1994), Sicyocarpus (< 2012), Stelmagonum (< 2012), Streptoechites (< 2012), Tavaresia (< 2012), Tridentapelia (> 2012), Wattakaka (> 2012)

see synonyms

Plocospermataceae

I

1

1

Staghorn-shrub family

from Apocynaceae

Lamiales

Plocospermataceae

Plocosperma

6. Asclepiadaceae

250

2000

315

+4

+3

+3

↑

Milkweed family

into Apocynaceae

Gentianales

Asclepiadaceae

Asclepia. new: Cibirhiza (1988), Epistemma (1982), Gunnessia (1990) > Sarcolobus, Lavrania (1986), segregated: Miraglossum (1984), Notechidnopsis (1985), Ophionella (1981); reinstated: Gymnanthera (1991), Pentacyphus (1996), Quaqua (1983)

2. Order Solanales

Order Solanales

1. Duckeodendraceae

1

1

1

Duckeodendron family

into Solanaceae

Solanales

Duckeodendraceae

Duckeodendron moved to Solanaceae

2. Nolanaceae

2

66

↘

Nolana family

into Solanaceae

Solanales

Nolanaceae

Nolana, Alona (> Nolana) moved to Solanaceae

3. Solanaceae

85

2800

96

100

2836

+13

+2

+10

+7

+2

-8

Nightshade or potato family

Solanales

Solanaceae

Solanum. Duckeodendron from Duckeodendraceae; Nolana from Nolanaceae; new: Crenidium (1981), Tsoala (1991); segregated: Calliphysalis (2012), Capsicophysalis (2009), Doselia (2022), Eriolarynx (2000), Grammosolen (1981), Plowmania (1986), Schraderanthus (2009), Symonanthus (1981), Trompettia (2018), Tzeltalia (1998); reinstated: Alkekengi (> 2012), Atrichodendron (< 1992), Darcyanthus (± 2012), Heteranthia (± 2012), Merinthopodium (< 2012), Poortmannia (2017), Trozelia (2018); synonyms: Acnistus > Iochroma, Aureliana > Athenaea, Cyphomandra > Solanum, Ectozoma > Markea, Grabowskia > Lycium, Lycopersicon > Solanum, Phrodus > Lycium, Rahowardiana > Juanulloa, Triguera > Solanum

Archiphysalis, Mellissia > Withania Dittostigma > Nicotiana Hebecladus > Jaltomata Margaranthus > Physalis Merinthopodium synonym of Markea Schwenkiopsis > Protoschwenkia

Coeloneurum, Espadaea, Goetzea and Henoonia in Goetzeaceae Duckeodendron in Duckeodendraceae Parabouchetia > Heliotropium in Boraginaceae; Namation (segr.: 1984) > Calibrachoa Heteranthia in Scrophulariaceae

5. Cuscutaceae

1

150

Dodder family

into Convolvulaceae

Solanales

Cuscutaceae

Cuscuta

4. Convolvulaceae

50

1500

55

57

1958

+12

+1

+4

+5

0

+2

Bindweed or morning glory family

Solanales

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus. Cuscuta from Cuscutaceae; new: Keraunea (2013), moved to Boraginaceae; segregated: Daustinia (2015), Odonellia (1982), Paralepistemon (1986), Xenostegia (1981); reinstated: Camonea (2017), Distimake (2017), Duperreya (2006), Hewittia (1980), Tridynamia (1993); synonyms: Blinkworthia > Argyreia, Iseia > Aniseia, Sabaudiella > Hildebrandtia, Turbina > Ipomoea

Pentacrostigma > Ipomoea Poranopsis synonym of Porana

6. Menyanthaceae

5

32

5

6

77

+1

+1

0

Buckbean or bogbean family

Asterales

Menyanthaceae

Menyanthes. segregated: Ornduffia (2009)

7. Polemoniaceae

18

300

19

27

693

+9

+9

+3

-3

Jacob's-ladder or phlox family

Ericales

Polemoniaceae

Polemonium. segregated: Acanthogilia (1986), Bryantiella (2000), Dayia (2000), Lathrocasis (2000), Loeseliastrum (1986), Maculigilia (1999), Microgilia (2000), Saltugilia (2000); reinstated: Aliciella (1998), Allophyllum (< 1992), Giliastrum (1998), Leptosiphon (2000); synonyms: Huthia > Cantua, Leptodactylon > Linanthus, Linanthastrum > Leptosiphon

Cobaea in Cobaeaceae

8. Hydrophyllaceae

20

250

19

Waterleaf family

into Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Hydrophyllaceae

Hydrophyllum. Hydrolea moved to Hydroleaceae; synonyms: Lemmonia > Nama, Miltitzia > Phacelia

Hydroleaceae

I

1

14

Fiddleleaf family

from Hydrophyllaceae

Solanales

Hydroleaceae

Hydrolea from Hydrophyllaceae

3. Order Lamiales

Order Lamiales

1. Lennoaceae

3

4

3

Lennoa family

into Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Lennoaceae

Lennoa.

2. Boraginaceae

100

2000

131

158

3460

+47

+6

+18

+18

+19

-14

Borage or forget-me-not family

Boraginales

Boraginaceae

Borago. Hoplestigma from Hoplestigmataceae; 16 genera from Hydrophyllaceae; 3 genera from Lennoaceae; Keraunea from Convolvulaceae; Hydrolea moved to Hydroleaceae; Pteleocarpa moved to Gelsemiaceae; new: Cynoglottis (1983), Gyrocaryum (1983), Melanortocarya (2006), Memoremea (2014), Microparacaryum (1985), Sauria (1996); segregated: Adelinia (2015), Afrotysonia (1982), Ailuroglossum (2019), Amsinckiopsis (2020), Andersonglossum (2015), Brandella (1986), Glandora (2008), Iberodes (2016), Nihon (2014), Nogalia (1988), Ogastemma (1982), Omphalotrigonotis (1984), Oncaglossum (2010), Paramoltkia (1981), Pontechium (2000), Pseudoheterocaryum (2017), Pseudolappula (2018), Simpsonanthus (2020); reinstated: Adelocaryum (1992), Aegonychon (2012), Cystostemon (1982), Decalepidanthus (2015), Eremocarya (2012), Euploca (2003), Greeneocharis (2012), Johnstonella (2012), Mattiastrum (< 2012), Megacaryon (2017), Mimophytum (2016), Myriopus (2008), Nesocaryum (< 1992), Omphalolappula (< 1992), Oreocarya (2012), Phyllocara (> 2012), Podonosma (> 2012), Varronia (2007); synonyms: Ammobroma > Pholisma, Argussia > Tournefortia, Austrocynoglossum > Hackelia, Carmona > Ehretia, Chamissoniophila > Antiphytum, Choriantha > Onosma, Cortesia > Ehretia, Elizaldia > Nonea, Paraskevia > Pulmonaria, Lacaitea > Trichodesma, Mallotonia > Tournefortia, Nephrocarya > Nonea, Sericostoma > Echiochilon, Zoelleria > Trigonotis

Auxemma > Cordia Echiochilopsis > Echiochilon Lasiarrhenum > Lithospermum Macromeria > Lithospermum Onosmodium > Lithospermum Oxyosmyles > Ixorhea Paracaryopsis > Adelocaryum Psilolaemus > Lithospermum Saccellium > Cordia Scapicephalus > Decalepidanthus Hoplestigma in Hoplestigmaceae Echiostachys synonym of Lobostemon

Codonaceae

APW

1

2

family not accepted at Kew

Codon family

from Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Codonaceae

Codon in Boraginaceae at Kew 2022

Wellstediaceae

APW

1

6

as above

Wellstedia family

from Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Wellstediaceae

Wellstedia in Boraginaceae at Kew 2022

Hydrophyllaceae

APW

11

247

as above

Waterleaf family

from Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Hydrophyllaceae

Hydrophyllum, Draperia, Ellisia, Emmenanthe, Eucrypta, Hesperochiron, Nemophila, Phacelia, Pholistoma, Romanzoffia, Tricardia in Boraginaceae

Namaceae

APW

4

69

as above

Nama family

from Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Namaceae

Nama, Eriodictyon, Turricula, Wigandia in Boraginaceae at Kew 2022

Heliotropiaceae

APW

4

428

as above

Heliotrope family

from Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Heliotropiaceae

Heliotropium, Euploca, Ixorhea, Myriopus in Boraginaceae at Kew 2022

Cordiaceae

APW

4

367

as above

Manjack family

from Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Cordiaceae

Cordia, Coldenia, Hoplestigma, Varronia in Boraginaceae at Kew 2022

Ehretiaceae

APW

7

166

as above

Crinklemat family

from Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Ehretiaceae

Ehretia, Bourreria, Halgania, Lennoa, Lepidocordia, Pholisma, Tiquilia in Boraginaceae at Kew 2022; Ehretiaceae already at Hutchinson 1964

3. Verbenaceae

100

2600

86

31

939

-64

+1

+3

-50

-18

Verbena or vervain family

Lamiales

Verbenaceae

Verbena. Avicennia moved to Acanthaceae; Campylostachys, Eurylobium, Euthystachys, Kogelbergia, Stilbe, Xeroplana moved to Stilbaceae (Stilbeaceae already at Hutchinson 1964); Phryma moved to Phrymaceae (already at Hutchinson 1964); Tetrachondra moved to Tetrachondraceae; Aegiphila, Amasonia, Callicarpa, Caryopteris, Chloanthes, Clerodendrum (Archboldia, Adelosa), Congea, Cornutia, Cyanostegia, Dicrastyles (Mallophora), Garrettia, Geunsia, Glossocarya, Gmelina, Hemiphora, Holmskioldia, Hosea, Hymenopyramis, Karomia, Lachnostachys, Monochilus, Newcastilia, Oxera, Peronema, Petitia, Petraeovitex, Physopsis, Pityrodia, Premna, Pseudocarpidium, Schnabelia, Sphenodesme, Symphorema, Tectona, Teijsmanniodendron, Vitex moved to Lamiaceae; Dimetra, Nyctanthes moved to Oleaceae; new: Thesmophora (1993); segregated: Diphyllocalyx (2016), Isidroa (2016), Mulguraea (2009); synonyms: Denisonia > Pityrodia (Lamiaceae), Faradaya > Oxera (Lamiaceae), Huxleya > Volkameria (Lamiaceae); Neorapinia, Paravitex, Tsoongia, Viticipremna > Vitex (Lamiaceae); Oncinocalyx, Spartothamnella, Spartothamnus, Teucridium > Teucrium (Lamiaceae); Baillonia > Citharexylum, Castelia > Pitraea, Glandularia > Verbena, Monopyrena > Junellia, Pitraea > Verbena, Stylodon > Verbena, Urbania Phil. > Junellia, Verbenoxylum > Recordia, Xeroaloysia > Aloysia, Xolocotzia > Petrea

Avicennia in Avicenniaceae

↘

Phrymaceae

I

1

15

255

+1

+3

+11

-15

Lopseed family

from Verbenaceae

Lamiales

Phrymaceae

Phryma from Verbenaceae, + 10 genera from Scrophulariaceae; segregated: Thyridia (2012); reinstated: Diplacus, Erythranthe, Uvedalia (2012 < Mimulus)

Cyrtandromoea in Scrophulariaceae

Cyrtandromoea moved in May 2019 at WFO from Gesneriaceae to Scrophulariaceae

Stilbaceae

I

5

11

40

+1

+10

-11

Candlesticks family

from Verbenaceae

Lamiales

Stilbaceae

Stilbe, Campylostachys, Euthystachys, Thesmophora from Verbenaceae; Anastrabe, Bowkeria, Charadrophila, Halleria from Scrophulariaceae; Ixianthes from Scrophulariaceae; Nuxia from Buddlejaceae; Retzia from Retziaceae; segregated: Kogelbergia (2000); Eurylobium, Xeroplana > Stilbe

4. Lamiaceae

200

3200

212

232

8017

+40

+25

+16

+35

-36

Sage or mint family

Lamiales

Lamiaceae

Lamium. 36 genera from Verbenaceae; Tetrachondra moved to Tetrachondraceae; segregated: Apatelantha (2021), Brachysola (2000), Cantinoa (2012), Cyanocephalus (2012), Cyanocephalus (2016), Discretitheca (1999), Eplingiella (2012), Equilabium (2018), Gymneia (2012), Hypenia (1988), Hyptidendron (1988), Killickia (2008), Leptohyptis (2012), Martianthus (2012), Medusantha (2012), Muniria (2011), Neoeplingia (1982), Obtegomeria (1998), Oocephalus (2012), Panzerina (1982), Physominthe (2012), Pseudocaryopteris (1999), Rydingia (2007), Tripora (1999), Warnockia (1996); reinstated: Acanthoprasium (2011), Betonica (2010), Condea (2012), Dasymalla (2011), Kalaharia (2010), Mesosphaerum (> 2012), Ovieda (2010), Paralamium (2004), Phlomoides (2011), Pseudochamaesphacos (2014), Pseudodictamnus (2018), Quoya (2011), Rotheca (1998), Siphocranion (1998), Tetraclea (2010), Volkameria (2010); synonyms: Acinos > Clinopodium, Alajja > Eriophyton, Anisochilus > Coleus, Bostrychanthera > Chelonopsis, Calamintha > Clinopodium, Chaunostoma > Lepechinia, Dauphinea > Capitanopsis, Dorystaechas > Salvia, Eremostachys > Phlomoides, Geniosporum > Platostoma, Hemizygia > Syncolostemon, Holostylon > Coleus, Icomum > Aeollanthus, Isodictyophorus > Coleus, Leocus > Coleus, Madlabium (segr. 1998) > Capitanopsis, Marmoritis > Nepeta, Meriandra > Salvia, Moschosma > Basilicum, Nosema > Platostoma, Notochaete > Phlomoides, Peltodon > Hyptis, Perovskia > Salvia, Pseuderemostachys > Phlomoides, Pycnostachys > Coleus, Rosmarinus > Salvia, Schizonepeta > Nepeta, Solenostemon > Coleus, Stachyopsis > Eriophyton, Sulaimania > Moluccella, Wiedemannia > Lamium, Wrixonia > Prostanthera, Zhumeria > Salvia Based on expanded phylogenetic sampling of Mediterranean Salvia, Will and Claßen-Bockhoff (2017) suggested splitting Salvia into six genera [i.e. Salvia sensu stricto (s.s.). Lasemia, Ramona, Glutinaria, Pleudia and Polakia]; Lamiaceae was previously called Labiatae

family here still called Labiatae Becium, Erythrochlamys > Ocimum Bovonia > Aeollanthus Capitany, Englerastrum > Coleus Coridothymus > Thymbra Euhesperida > Satureja Gardoquia > Clinopodium Keiskea > Collinsonia Limniboza, Mesona > Platostoma Octomeron > Platostoma Perrierastrum > Capitanopsis Puntia (1983) > Endostemon Neohyptis, Rabdosiella (1984) > Coleus Sabaudia > Lavandula

Pitardia > NepetaColeus synonym of Plectranthus Lagopsis synonym of Marrubium Matsumurella synonym of Lamium

Tetrachondraceae

I

1

2

3

Rustweed family

from Lamiaceae

Lamiales

Tetrachondraceae

Tetrachondra from Lamiaceae, Polypremum from Buddlejaceae

4. Order Callitrichales

order into:

Order Callitrichales

1. Hippuridaceae

1

1

1

Mare's-tail family

into Plantaginaceae

Lamiales

Hippuridaceae

Hippuris moved to Plantaginaceae

2. Callitrichaceae

1

35

1

Water-starwort family

into Plantaginaceae

Lamiales

Callitrichaceae

Callitriche moved to Plantaginaceae

3. Hydrostachyaceae

1

20

1

1

23

Waterspike family

Cornales

Hydrostachyaceae

Hydrostachys

5. Order Plantaginales

order into:

Order Plantaginales

1. Plantaginaceae

3

254

3

107

2200

+104

+2

+14

+1

+90

-2

Speedwell family

Lamiales

Plantaginaceae

Plantago. 89 genera from Scrophulariaceae; Trapella from Pedaliaceae; new: Philcoxia (2000); segregated: Anamaria (2001), Umbraria (2022); reinstated: Picrorhiza (2003); synonyms: Bougueria > Plantago, Conobea > Bacopa

Derwentia synonym of Parahebe, Leucospora synonym of Schistophragma,

Nanorrhinum synonym of Linaria, all then in Scrophulariaceae

6. Order Scrophulariales

order into:

Order Scrophulariales

3. Scrophulariaceae

190

4000

292

58

2292

-156

+2

+5

-146

-16

Figwort or snapdragon family

Lamiales

Scrophulariaceae

Scrophularia. Pholidia (> Eremophila), Myoporum, Bontia, Oftia from Myoporaceae; Buddleja, Gomphostigma from Buddlejaceae; Antirrhinum, Digitalis, Lagotis, Linaria, Penstemon, Veronica + 83 other genera moved to Plantaginaceae, incl. new Boelckea (1992), segregated Albraunia (1982), Darcya (1993), Holmgrenanthe (1985), Holzneria (1982), Mabrya (1985), Neopicrorhiza (1984), Nuttallanthus (1988), Pseudomisopates (1997), Sairocarpus (1988), Trungboa (1982); Bellardia, Castilleja, Euphrasia, Harveya, Lathraea, Pedicularis, Parentucellia + 49 other genera moved to Orobanchaceae; Titanotrichum moved to Gesneriaceae; Mazus, Dodartia, Lancea moved to Mazaceae; Wightia moved to Paulowniaceae; Ixianthes moved to Stilbaceae; new: Ameroglossum (1999), Barthlottia (1996); segregated: Chenopodiopsis (1990), Glekia (1989), Melanospermum (1989), Pseudoselago (1995), Trieenea (1989); synonyms: Besseya, Chionohebe, Derwentia, Detzneria, Hebe, Paederotella, Parahebe, Pseudolysimachion, Synthyris > Veronica (Plantaginaceae), Morgania > Stemodia (Plantaginaceae), Otacanthus > Matourea (Plantaginaceae), Amphianthus, Sophronanthe > Gratiola (Plantaginaceae), Braunblanquetia > Fonkia (Plantaginaceae), Calamphoreus, Diocirea (segr. 2007) > Eremophila, Isoplexis > Digitalis (Plantaginaceae), Monopera (1983) > Angelonia (Plantaginaceae), Maeviella (1985) > Bacopa (Plantaginaceae); Necranthus, Phelipanche, Platypholis > Orobanche (Orobanchaceae); Rhabdotosperma > Verbascum

Androya in Buddlejaceae

Maeviella, synonym of Bacopa, Plantaginaceae moved at WFO to Scrophulariaceae in June 2023 Pseudomisopates moved at WFO from Scrophulariaceae to Plantaginaceae in June 2023

Linderniaceae

III

↘

20

1071

+1

+3

-4

Wishbone-flower family

from Scrophulariaceae

Lamiales

Linderniaceae

Linderniaceae (2005); Lindernia. 16 genera from Scrophulariaceae; new: Bampsia (1983); segregated: Crepidorhopalon (1989), Hartliella (1992), Linderniella (2013); synonyms: Bryodes > Lindernia, Chamaegigas > Lindernia, Hemianthus > Micranthemum, Legazpia > Torenia, Psammetes > Lindernia

Crepidorhopalon synonym of Torenia, Scrophulariaceae; Hemiarrhena synonym of Lindernia, Scrophulariaceae

Calceolariaceae

II

2

274

Lady's purse family

from Scrophulariaceae

Lamiales

Calceolariaceae

Calceolariaceae (2001); Calceolaria, Jovellana from Scrophulariaceae

Mazaceae

IV

4

43

Mazaceae

from Scrophulariaceae

Lamiales

Mazaceae

Mazaceae (2011); Mazus, Dodartia, Lancea from Scrophulariaceae; segregated: Puchiumazus (2021)

6. Orobanchaceae

17

150

0

99

2937

+81

+4

+5

+1

+64

+7

Broomrape or Ink flower family

Lamiales

Orobanchaceae

Orobanche. 64 genera from Scrophulariaceae; new: Bardotia (2012), Eremitilla (2009), Seymeriopsis (1987), Sieversandreas (1996); segregated: Asepalum (1981), Hedbergia (1988), Neobartsia (2016), Nothobartsia (1992), Parasopubia (2004); reinstated: Pseudobartsia (2015); synonyms: Bornmuellerantha > Odontites, Clevelandia > Castilleja, Gentrya > Castilleja, Lesquereuxia > Siphonostegia, Necranthus > Orobanche, Ophiocephalus > Castilleja, Parastriga > Harveya, Petitmenginia > Sopubia, Platypholis > Orobanche, Schizosepala > Agalinis, Xizangia > Pterygiella

Nesogenes in Nesogenaceae Brachystigma synonym of Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae) Seymeriopsis synonym of Seymeria (Scrophulariaceae)

Cyclocheilaceae

I «

Cyclocheilon family

from/into Orobanchaceae

Lamiales

Cyclocheilaceae

Cyclocheilon, Lindenbergia (APG I only, thereafter to Orobanchaceae)

Asepalum, Cyclocheilon in Cyclocheilaceae

1. Buddlejaceae

10

150

8

Butterfly-bush family

into Scrophulariaceae

Lamiales

Buddlejaceae

Buddleja, Gomphostigma moved to Scrophulariaceae; Nuxia (elsewhere in Loganiaceae) moved to Stilbaceae, Polypremum moved to Tetrachondraceae; Peltanthera; reinstated: Sanango (1986), moved to Gesneriaceae; synonyms: Adenoplea, Adenoplusia, Chilianthus, Emorya, Nicodemia > Buddleja

2. Oleaceae

30

600

24

29

760

+4

+3

+2

-1

Olive or jasmine family

Lamiales

Oleaceae

Olea. Dimetra, Nyctanthes from Verbenaceae; segregated: Chengiodendron (2020), Chrysojasminum (2014), Priogymnanthus (1994); synonyms: Linociera > Chionanthus, Tessarandra > Chionanthus

Cartrema synonym of Osmanthus

Adelia mostly in Euphorbiaceae; in 2013 (unresolved) in Oleaceae

4. Globulariaceae

10

300

2

Globularia family

into Plantaginaceae

Lamiales

Globulariaceae

Globularia, Cockburnia, Globulariopsis, Hebenstretia, Poskea and Selago moved to Plantaginaceae; synonyms: Abolaria > Globularia, Alypum > Globularia, Carradoria > Globularia, Cockburnia > Globularia, Lytanthus > Globularia, Walafrida > Selago

Globulariopsis, Hebenstretia, Selago and Walafrida here in Scrophulariaceae

5. Myoporaceae

3~4

125

3

Myoporum family

into Scrophulariaceae

Lamiales

Myoporaceae

Myoporum, Bontia, Oftia, (Pholidia >) Eremophila moved to Scrophulariaceae

Oftia here in already Scrophulariaceae

7. Gesneriaceae

120

2500

133

152

3874

+33

+17

+23

+15

+3

-25

Gloxinia or African violet family

Lamiales

Gesneriaceae

Gesneria. Peltanthera, Sanango from Buddlejaceae; Titanotrichum from Scrophulariaceae; new: Actinostephanus (2022), Allostigma (1984), Billolivia (2014), Bopopia (2021), Chautemsia (2010), Cremersia (2013), Cremospermopsis (2012), Cubitanthus (1984), Gyrocheilos (1981), Gyrogyne (1981), Lampadaria (2003), Litostigma (2010), Michaelmoelleria (2020), Rachunia (2018), Shuaria (2010), Somrania (2012), Spelaeanthus (1998); segregated: Briggsiopsis (1985), Chayamaritia (2015), Christopheria (2013), Deinostigma (1992), Didymostigma (1984), Emarhendia (1998), Glabrella (2014), Gloxinella (2005), Gloxiniopsis (2005), Kaisupeea (2001), Lesia (2013), Metapetrocosmea (1981), Microchirita (2011), Middletonia (2016), Nomopyle (2005), Pachycaulos (2013), Pagothyra (2013), Pseudochirita (1983), Ridleyandra (1998), Senyumia (1998), Sphaerorrhiza (2005), Tetraphylloides (2017), Tribounia (2012); reinstated: Alsobia (> 2012), Amalophyllon (2020), Centrosolenia (2016), Codonoboea (2011), Crantzia (2020), Damrongia (2020), Dorcoceras (2020), Giesleria (2014), Glossoloma (2020), Kohleria (2001), Liebigia (2020), Loxocarpus (2020), Mandirola (2020), Seemannia (2020), Trichodrymonia (2020); synonyms: Acanthonema > Streptocarpus, Ancylostemon > Oreocharis, Anodiscus > Gloxinia, Briggsia > Oreocharis, Capanea > Kohleria, Chirita > Henckelia, Colpogyne > Streptocarpus, Coptocheile > Sinningia, Isometrum > Oreocharis, Jancaea > Ramonda, Koellikeria > Gloxinia, Lenbrassia > Fieldia, Linnaeopsis > Streptocarpus, Micraeschynanthus > Aeschynanthus, Oerstedina > Rufodorsia, Opithandra > Oreocharis, Parakohleria > Pearcea, Phylloboea > Paraboea, Platyadenia > Codonoboea, Saintpaulia > Streptocarpus, Schizoboea > Streptocarpus, Tengia > Petrocodon, Tetraphyllum > Tetraphylloides, Trachystigma > Streptocarpus, Tremacron > Oreocharis, Trisepalum > Paraboea

Jerdonia in Scrophulariaceae Lietzia > Sinningia

Peltantheraceae

IV

1

1

family not accepted at Kew

Peltanthera family

from Gesneriaceae

Lamiales

Peltantheraceae

Peltanthera in Gesneriaceae at Kew 2022

8. Acanthaceae

250

2500

228

206

5462

-18

+13

+7

+21

+1

-60

Bear's breeches or pistol bush family

Lamiales

Acanthaceae

Acanthus. Avicennia from Verbenaceae; Mendoncia from Mendonciaceae; Thomandersia moved to Thomandersiaceae; new: Aymoreana (2010), Cephalophis (2021), Diceratotheca (2012), Dolichostachys (2022), Gypsacanthus (1986), Ichthyostoma (1997), Mcdadea (2020), Metarungia (1984, < Metarungia Baden 1981), Mexacanthus (1981), Pranceacanthus (1984), Pulchranthus (1983), Trichaulax (1992), Xylacanthus (2018); segregated: Aphanosperma (1988), Champluviera (2019), Chorisochora (1994), Cynarospermum (1999), Kenyacanthus (2019), Vavara (2021), Wuacanthus (2016); reinstated: Anisostachya (< 2012), Anomacanthus (1990, ex-Mendonciaceae), Chroesthes (1983), Conocalyx (< 2012), Cuenotia (< 2012), Dinteracanthus (2017), Gymnophragma (< 2012), Haplanthus (2016), Liberatia (< 2012), Meiosperma, Nicoteba (> 2012), Pogonospermum, Pseudacanthopale (> 2012), Psiloesthes (> 2012), Rhaphidospora (< 2012), Rostellularia (> 2012), Schaueriopsis (2012), Stachyacanthus (> 2012), Stenandriopsis, Symplectochilus (< 2012), Tabascina (> 2012); synonyms: Acanthostelma > Crabbea, Acanthura > Lepidagathis, Achyrocalyx > Stenandriopsis, Aechmanthera > Strobilanthes, Anthacanthus > Oplonia, Apassalus > Dyschoriste, Aphelandrella > Aphelandra, Asystasiella > Asystasia, Beloperone > Justicia, Benoicanthus > Ruellia, Blechum > Ruellia, Buceragenia > Pseuderanthemum, Centrilla > Dianthera, Chaetacanthus > Dyschoriste, Chlamydostachya > Anisotes, Cylindrosolenium > Stenostephanus, Cystacanthus > Phlogacanthus, Danguya > Anisotes, Diotacanthus > Phlogacanthus, Encephalosphaera > Aphelandra, Epiclastopelma > Mimulopsis, Eusiphon > Ruellia, Geissomeria > Aphelandra, Golaea > Crabbea, Gynocraterium > Staurogyne, Habracanthus > Stenostephanus, Indoneesiella > Andrographis, Ionacanthus > Mellera, Jacobinia > Justicia, Juruasia > Herpetacanthus, Kalbreyeriella > Stenostephanus, Kolobochilus > Stenostephanus, Lindauea > Lepidagathis, Lophostachys > Lepidagathis, Lychniothyrsus > Ruellia, Megalostoma > Justicia, Meyenia > Thunbergia, Monachochlamys (ex-Mendonciaceae) > Mendoncia, Monechma > Meiosperma, Neohallia > Justicia, Ophiorrhiziphyllon > Staurogyne, Oreacanthus > Brachystephanus, Orophochilus > Aphelandra, Pelecostemon > Justicia, Perenideboles > Peristrophe > Dicliptera, Pseudoruellia > Ruellia, Razisea > Stenostephanus, Rhombochlamys > Aphelandra, Sautiera > Asystasia, Siphonoglossa > Justicia, Spirostigma > Ruellia, Standleyacanthus > Herpetacanthus, Stenandriopsis > Stenandrium, Stenosiphonium > Strobilanthes, Strobilacanthus > Crossandra, Styasasia > Asystasia, Tacoanthus > Ruellia, Teliostachya > Lepidagathis, Tremacanthus > Ruellia

Avicennia in Avicenniaceae Dianthera synonym of Justicia Hansteinia synonym of Habracanthus Thyrsacanthus synonym of Odontonema (reinstated in 2010) Acanthostelma > Crabbea Acanthura > Lepidagathis Aechmanthera > Strobilanthes Anthacanthus > Oplonia Apassalus > Dyschoriste Asystasiella > Asystasia Benoicanthus, Blechum > Ruellia Buceragenia > Pseuderanthemum Centrilla > Dianthera Chaetacanthus > Dyschoriste Chlamydostachya, Danguya > Anisotes Cylindrosolenium > Stenostephanus Cystacanthus > Phlogacanthus Diotacanthus > Phlogacanthus Encephalosphaera > Aphelandra Epiclastopelma > Mimulopsis Eusiphon > Ruellia

Geissomeria > Aphelandra Golaea > Crabbea Gynocraterium > Staurogyne Indoneesiella > Andrographis Ionacanthus > Mellera Kolobochilus > Stenostephanus, Neohallia, Siphonoglossa > Justicia Ophiorrhiziphyllon > Staurogyne Oreacanthus > Brachystephanus Orophochilus > Aphelandra Pelecostemon > Justicia Perenideboles > Megaskepasma Peristrophe > Dicliptera Sautiera > Asystasia Spirostigma, Tacoanthus > Ruellia Standleyacanthus > Herpetacanthus Stenandriopsis > Stenandrium (reinstated in 2023) Stenosiphonium > Strobilanthes Strobilacanthus > Crossandra Styasasia > Asystasia Teliostachya > Lepidagathis

Thomandersiaceae

III

1

6

West-African-bitterbush family

from Acanthaceae

Lamiales

Thomandersiaceae

Thomandersia from Acanthaceae

9. Pedaliaceae

20

80

17

11

78

-7

-5

-2

Sesame family

Lamiales

Pedaliaceae

Pedalium. Trapella moved to Plantaginaceae; Craniolaria, Ibicella, Martynia, Proboscidea moved to Martyniaceae; synonyms: Ceratotheca > Sesamum, Dicerocaryum > Sesamum, Josephinia > Sesamum

Martyniaceae

I

5

15

+1

Unicornplant family

from Pedaliaceae

Lamiales

Martyniaceae

Martynia, Craniolaria, Ibicella, Proboscidea from Pedaliaceae; reinstated: Holoregmia (2003)

10. Bignoniaceae

100

800

111

79

901

-27

+1

+5

-2

-31

Trumpetvine or trumpet creeper family

Lamiales

Bignoniaceae

Bignonia. Paulownia moved to Paulowniaceae; Synapsis? moved to Schlegeliaceae; segregated: Santisukia (1992); reinstated: Handroanthus (< 2012), Mayodendron (< 2012), Pachyptera (< 2012), Roseodendron (< 2012), Tecomaria (2006); synonyms: Arrabidaea > Fridericia, Ceratophytum > Tanaecium, Clytostoma > Bignonia, Cydista > Bignonia, Digomphia > Jacaranda, Distictella > Amphilophium, Distictis > Amphilophium, Gardnerodoxa > Adenocalymma, Glaziova Bureau > Amphilophium, Haplolophium > Amphilophium, Leucocalantha > Pachyptera, Macfadyena > Dolichandra, Macranthisiphon > Bignonia, Melloa > Dolichandra, Memora > Adenocalymma, Mussatia > Bignonia, Neojobertia > Adenocalymma, Neomacfadyena > Fridericia, Ophiocolea > Colea, Parabignonia > Dolichandra, Paragonia > Tanaecium, Periarrabidaea > Tanaecium, Phryganocydia > Bignonia, Pithecoctenium > Amphilophium, Potamoganos > Bignonia, Pseudocatalpa > Tanaecium, Roentgenia > Bignonia, Saritaea > Bignonia, Spathicalyx > Tanaecium, Sphingiphila > Tanaecium

Tecomaria synonym of Tecoma Neotuerckheimia > Amphitecna Nestoria > Pleonotoma Scobinaria > Fridericia Setilobus > Cuspidaria Urbanolophium > Amphilophium Wunschmannia > Amphilophium

Paulowniaceae

I

3

11

Empress-Tree family

from Bignoniaceae

Lamiales

Paulowniaceae

Paulownia and Shiuyinghua from Bignoniaceae; Wightia from Scrophulariaceae

Wightiaceae

IV

1

2

family not accepted at Kew

Pala indigo family

from Paulowniaceae

Lamiales

Wightiaceae

Wightia

Schlegeliaceae

I

4

37

+1

0

Higuerito family

from Bignoniaceae

Lamiales

Schlegeliaceae

Schlegeliaceae (1996); Schlegelia, Gibsoniothamnus, Synapsis from Bignoniaceae?; new: Exarata (1992)

Schlegelia and Gibsoniothamnus here in Scrophulariaceae

11. Mendonciaceae

2~4

60

Mendoncia family

into Acanthaceae

Lamiales

Mendonciaceae

Mendoncia, Monachochlamys moved to Acanthaceae

12. Lentibulariaceae

5

200

3

3

424

-2

-2

Bladderwort family

Lamiales

Lentibulariaceae

Utricularia. synonyms: Biovularia > Utricularia, Polypompholyx > Utricularia

7. Order Campanulales

order into:

Order Campanulales

1. Pentaphragmataceae

1

30

1

1

31

Scorpion's-tail family

Asterales

Pentaphragmataceae

Pentaphragma

2. Sphenocleaceae

1

20

1

2

Gooseweed family

Solanales

Sphenocleaceae

Sphenoclea. (at Hutchinson 1964 in Campanulaceae)

Sphenoclea in Campanulaceae

3. Campanulaceae

70

2000

84

94

2502

+14

+2

+15

+9

-12

Bellflower family

Asterales

Campanulaceae

Campanula. new: Nesocodon (1980), Wimmeranthus (2018); segregated: Eastwoodiella (2020), Echinocodon (1984), Himalacodon (2014), Homocodon (1980), Kericodon (2016), Lithotoma (2014), Melanocalyx (2020), Palustricodon (2020), Pankycodon (2014), Poolea (2020), Protocodon (2020), Pseudocodon (2014), Ravenella (2020), Smithiastrum (2020), Wimmerella (1999); reinstated: Campanulastrum (> 2012), Cyclocodon (1998), Favratia (< 2012), Hippobroma (< 2012), Muehlbergella (< 2012), Palmerella (< 2012), Porterella (< 2012), Solenopsis (± 2012); synonyms: Apetahia > Sclerotheca, Azorina > Campanula, Hypsela > Lobelia, Cephalostigma > Wahlenbergia, Hesperocodon (segr. 2014) > Wahlenbergia, Laurentia > Lobelia, Leptocodon > Treichelia, Lightfootia > Wahlenbergia, Parishella > Nemacladus, Popoviocodonia > Campanula, Pratia > Lobelia, Rollandia > Cyanea, Symphyandra > Campanula, Trimeris > Lobelia; homonym: Rotantha >= Rotanthella (2020)

Isotoma synonym of Laurentia Diosphaera > Campanula Dominella > Lysipomia Rhizocephalum > Lysipomia Trematocarpus > Trematolobelia

4. Stylidiaceae

5

155

6

6

310

+1

+1

Triggerplant family

Asterales

Stylidiaceae

Stylidium. Donatia from Donatiaceae

5. Donatiaceae

1

2

↗

Donatia family

into Stylidiaceae

Asterales

Donatiaceae

Donatia moved to Stylidiaceae

6. Brunoniaceae

1

1

↘

Brunonia family

into Goodeniaceae

Asterales

Brunoniaceae

Brunonia moved to Goodeniaceae

7. Goodeniaceae

14

300

12

7

464

-6

-6

Fanflower family

Asterales

Goodeniaceae

Goodenia. synonyms: Crossostoma, Diaspasis > Scaevola; Pentaptilon, Selliera, Velleia, Verreauxia > Goodenia

8. Order Rubiales

order into:

Order Rubiales

1. Rubiaceae

450

6500

606

611

14176

+112

+21

+93

+47

+1

-54

Coffee family

Gentianales

Rubiaceae

Rubia. Theligonum from Theligonaceae; new: Amphistemon (2010), Carajasia (2015), Durringtonia (1985), Exallosperma (2018), Guihaiothamnus (1998), Holstianthus (1986), Kerianthera (1985), Kindia (2018), Landiopsis (1998), Lintersemina (2020), Paganuccia (2021), Phellocalyx (1980), Phialiphora (2010), Pseudocoptosperma (2018), Riodocea (1999), Robbrechtia (2003), Shaolinchiana (2022), Tangshuia (2022), Tarennella (2021), Thamnoldenlandia (2010), Tulearia (2018); segregated: Achilleanthus (2021), Acunaeanthus (1981), Adolphoduckea (2018), Afrocanthium (2004), Agouticarpa (2003), Aidiopsis (1986), Aleisanthiopsis (1997), Anthorrhiza (1990), Anthospermopsis (1997), Aoranthe (1988), Bremeria (2005), Bridsonia (2017), Bullockia (2009), Bungarimba (2004), Calycosiphonia (1981), Canthiumera (2018), Carterella (1987), Ciliosemina (2005), Cinchonopsis (1995), Coccochondra (1982), Coddia (1981), Cordylostigma (2010), Coutareopsis (2018), Cyanoneuron (1998), Cynanchica (2020), Debia (2015), Deccania (1983), Denscantia (2001), Diadorimia (2021), Dibridsonia (2018), Dioecrescis (1983), Ditrichanthus (2015), Dolichocarpa (2020), Dolichopentas (2007), Donnellyanthus (2011), Everistia (1999), Foonchewia (2012), Fosbergia (1997), Ganguelia (1996), Glionnetia (1984), Glossostipula (1986), Hexaphylla (2020), Hyperacanthus (1985), Involucrella (2015), Jamaicanthus (2018), Kailarsenia (1983), Kanapia (2016), Kochummenia (1984), Kupeantha (2018), Larsenaikia (1993), Martensianthus (2011), Melanoxerus (2014), Mexotis (2009), Motleyothamnus (2018), Neohymenopogon (1981), Neolamarckia (1984), Neomussaenda (1994), Oldenlandiopsis (1990), Parainvolucrella (2021), Paralasianthus (2015), Paranotis (2020), Petitiocodon (1988), Phyllopentas (2007), Phylohydrax (1986), Pitardella (2003), Planaltina (2010), Pleiocoryne (1982), Pseudaidia (1986), Pseudodiplospora (2001), Pseudogalium (2018), Pseudomiltemia (2004), Puffia (2014), Ramonadoxa (2018), Ramosmania (1982), Razafimandimbisonia (2009), Rhodopentas (2007), Ridsdalea (2016), Roigella (1982), Rovaeanthus (2004), Rubovietnamia (1998), Seychellea (2019), Singaporandia (2016), Stenaria (2001), Tainus (2017), Tamridaea (1998), Tennantia (1981), Thliphthisa (2020), Tinadendron (2006), Triflorensia (2005), Tromlyca (2017), Vangueriella (1987), Vidalasia (1998), Wandersong (2014); reinstated and synonyms: see at the left

Ancylanthos, Lagynias > Vangueria Anomanthodia, Gynopachis > Aidia Cephalodendron > Remijia Ceuthocarpus > Schmidtottia Cuatrecasasiodendron > Arachnothryx Didymoecium > Rennellia Doricera, Tsiangia > Ixora Fagerlindia > Benkara Hayataella, Keenania > Ophiorrhiza Hymenocnemis > Gaertnera Indopolysolenia > Leptomischus Javorkaea, Otocalyx > Arachnothryx Leptunis > Asperula; Wernhamia > Simira Leroyia > Pyrostria; Striolaria > Pentagonia Litosanthes > Lasianthus Lucinaea > Schradera; Yutajea > Isertia Montamans > Notopleura Neobreonia > Breonia

Neofranciella > Atractocarpus Neolaugeria > Stenostomum Ophryococcus > Hoffmannia Oregandra > Chione; Sarcopygme > Morinda Pachystigma, Tapiphyllum > Vangueria Pamplethantha > Pauridiantha Phitopis > Schizocalyx; Psathura > Psychotria Phyllacanthus > Catesbaea Placopoda > Dirichletia; Schachtia > Duroia Pleiocarpidia > Urophyllum Pleiocraterium > Hedyotis; Ravnia > Hillia Proscephaleium > Chassalia Pseudogardenia > Adenorandia Rhopalobrachium > Cyclophyllum Neoleroya, Scyphochlamys > Pyrostria Siderobombyx > Xanthophytum Spathichlamys > Greenea Stachyococcus > Carapichea Stomandra > Rustia

2. Theligonaceae

1

3

1

Theligona family

into Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Theligonaceae

9. Order Dipsacales

Order Dipsacales

1. Caprifoliaceae

15

400

13

33

1096

+18

+5

+2

+11

0

Honeysuckle family

Dipsacales

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera. Cephalaria, Dipsacus, Knautia, Lomelosia, Morina, Pterocephalus, Pycnocomon, Scabiosa, Succisa and Succisella from Dipsacaceae; Nardostachys, Patrinia, Triplostegia, Valeriana and Valerianella from Valerianaceae; Carlemannia, Silvianthus moved to Carlemanniaceae; Sambucus and Viburnum moved to Adoxaceae (2019 > Viburnaceae); segregated: Bassecoia (1999), Diabelia (2010), Pseudoscabiosa (1984), Pterocephalidium (1987), Pterothamnus (2013); reinstated: Vesalea (2012), Zabelia (2013)

Morina in Morinaceae; Triplostegia in Triplostegiaceae Zabelia synonym of Abelia

Carlemanniaceae

I

2

2

5

+1

Fragrant-princess family

from Caprifoliaceae

Lamiales

Carlemanniaceae

Carlemannia, Silvianthus from Caprifoliaceae

2. Adoxaceae '19: Viburnaceae

1

1

3

3

231

+2

+2

0

Moschatel family

Dipsacales

Adoxaceae '19: Viburnaceae

Adoxa. Sambucus and Viburnum from Caprifoliaceae; synonyms: Sinadoxa, Tetradoxa > Adoxa

3. Valerianaceae

13

300

15

Valerian family

into Caprifoliaceae

Dipsacales

Valerianaceae

Valeriana. synonyms: Astrephia, Belonanthus, (Ken-)Centranthus, Fedia, Phuodendron, Phyllactis, Plectritis, Stangea > Valeriana

Aligera, Aretiastrum > Valeriana

Pseudobetckea > Valeriana

4. Dipsacaceae

10

270

7

Teasel family

into Caprifoliaceae

Dipsacales

Dipsacaceae

Dipsacus. synonyms: Callistemma > Lomelosia

Lomelosia, Pycnocomon, Pseudoscabiosa synonym of Scabiosa

Pterocephalidium synonym of Pterocephalus

10. Order Calycerales

order into:

Order Calycerales

1. Calyceraceae

6

60

6

8

48

+2

+2

+1

-1

Balsamleaf family

Asterales

Calyceraceae

Calycera. segregated: Anachoretes (2021), Asynthema (2021); reinstated: Leucocera (2021); synonym: Acarpha > Boopis

11. Order Asterales

Order Asterales

1. Asteraceae

1100+

20000

1509

1701

34807

+299

+64

+297

+160

-222

Sunflower family

Asterales

Asteraceae

Aster. segregated/new: Bertilia (2013/2001), Ephedrides (2020/2008), Hydroidea (1990/1981), Inkaliabum (2010/1980), Iranoaster (2018/1996), Katinasia (2009/2005), Ligulariopsis (1996/1985), Paquirea (2013/2001), Stramentopappus (1987/1981), Trepadonia (1994/1981), Zyzyura (2013/2012); synonyms (new): Akeassia (1993) > Grangea, Artemisiella (1992) > Artemisia, Chaetoseris (1991) > Melanoseris, Chihuahuana (2004) > Medranoa, Heterothalamulopsis (2004) > Baccharis, Inuloides (2006) > Osteospermum, Kovalevskiella (1993) > Cicerbita, Monoculus (2006) > Osteospermum, Nephrotheca (2006) > Osteospermum, Norlindhia > Osteospermum, Novopokrovskia (1994) > Psychrogeton, Oligoneuron (1993) > Solidago, Paramiflos (1995) > Espeletia, Pseudoligandra (1990) > Chionolaena, Pseudoyoungia (2010) > Youngia, Stenoseris (1991) > Melanoseris, Tibetoseris (2007) > Youngia, Tostimontia (2001) > Jungia, Triniteurybia (2004) > Eurybia, Xenophyllum (1997) > Werneria, Xerxes (1994) > Heterocoma, Xylovirgata (2004) > Medranoa Asteraceae family was previously called Compositae

Angelphytum (1980) > Dimerostemma Arctanthemum (1985) > Chrysanthemum Avellara (1985) > Scorzonera Bishopalea (1981) > Heterocoma Bracteantha (1991) > Xerochrysum Complaya (1991) > Sphagneticola Episcothamnus (1981) > Lychnophora Gamochaetopsis (1991) > Gamochaeta Hydrodyssodia (1988) > Hydropectis Ighermia (1983) > Asteriscus

Irwinia (1980) > Blanchetia Phaeostigma (1981) > Ajania Pseudocadiscus (1987) > Stenops Pterocypsela (1988) > Lactuca Sinoleontopodium (1985) > Leontopodium Stebbinsoseris (1991) > Microseris Stenophalium (1991) > Achyrocline Stuessya (1980) > Aldama Xerolekia (1991) > Buphthalmum Xylothamia (1990) > Gundlachia

LILIOPSIDA (monocotyledons)

LILIOPSIDA (monocotyledons)

1. Subclass Alismatidae

Subclass Alismatidae

1. Order Alismatales

Order Alismatales

1. Butomaceae

1

1

1

1

2

0

Flowering-rush family

Alismatales

Butomaceae

Butomus

2. Limnocharitaceae

3

10

3

Water-poppy family

into Alismataceae

Alismatales

Limnocharitaceae

Limnocharis, Hydrocleys, Tenagocharis > Butomopsis moved to Alismataceae

3. Alismataceae

12

75

12

18

118

+6

+2

+2

+3

-1

Water poppy or water plantain family

Alismatales

Alismataceae

Alisma. Limnocharis, Hydrocleys, Tenagocharis > Butomopsis from Limnocharitaceae; segregated: Aquarius (2018), Astonia (1997, new 1987); reinstated: Albidella (< 2012), Helanthium (< 2012); synonym: Machaerocarpus > Damasonium

Albidella synonym of Echinodorus Helanthium synonym of Echinodorus

2. Order Hydrocharitales

order into:

Order Hydrocharitales

1. Hydrocharitaceae

15

100

20

14

137

-2

+1

0

+1

-4

Tape-grass family (seagrass)

Alismatales

Hydrocharitaceae

Hydrocharis. Najas from Najadaceae; new: Appertiella (1982); synonyms: Apalanthe > Elodea, Egeria > Elodea, Limnobium > Hydrocharis, Maidenia > Vallisneria

Enhydrias > Blyxa

3. Order Najadales

order into:

Order Najadales

1. Aponogetonaceae

1

40

1

1

60

0

Cape-pondweed family

Alismatales

Aponogetonaceae

Aponogeton

2. Scheuchzeriaceae

1

1

1

1

1

0

Pod grass family

Alismatales

Scheuchzeriaceae

Scheuchzeria

3. Juncaginaceae

5

20

4

3

36

-2

-1

-1

Arrowgrass family

Alismatales

Juncaginaceae

Triglochin. Maundia moved to Maundiaceae; synonym: Lilaea > Triglochin

Lilaea (> Triglochin) in Lilaeaceae

Maundiaceae

IV

1

1

+1

Maundia family

from Juncaginaceae

Alismatales

Maundiaceae

Maundia from Juncaginaceae

4. Potamogetonaceae

1

100

3

5

193

+4

+2

+2

0

Pondweed family

Alismatales

Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton. Zannichellia, Lepilaena from Zannichelliaceae; reinstated: Groenlandia (< 1992), Stuckenia (2008)

5. Ruppiaceae

1

1

1

11

0

Widgeonweeds family

Alismatales

Ruppiaceae

Ruppia

Ruppia here in Potamogetonaceae

6. Najadaceae

1

35

Water-nymph family

into Hydrocharitaceae

Alismatales

Najadaceae

Najas moved to Hydrocharitaceae

7. Zannichelliaceae

4

8

4

Horned-pondweed family

into Potamogetonaceae

Alismatales

Zannichelliaceae

Zannichellia, Althenia, Lepilaena > Althenia, Vleisia > Zannichellia moved to Potamogetonaceae

8. Posidoniaceae

1

3

1

1

9

0

Tapeweed family (seagrass)

Alismatales

Posidoniaceae

Posidonia

9. Cymodoceaceae

5

18

5

6

18

+1

+1

Manatee-grass family (seagrass)

Alismatales

Cymodoceaceae

Cymodocea. segregated: Oceana (2018)

10. Zosteraceae

3

18

3

2

22

-1

-1

Eelgrass family (seagrass)

Alismatales

Zosteraceae

Zostera. synonym: Heterozostera > Zostera

4. Order Triuridales

order into:

Order Triuridales

1. Petrosaviaceae

1

2

2

3

+1

+1

Oze-so family

Petrosaviales

Petrosaviaceae

Petrosavia. reinstated: Japonolirion (2003)

here in Melanthiaceae

2. Triuridaceae

7

70

6

8

65

+1

+4

0

-3

Threetails family

Pandanales

Triuridaceae

Triuris. new: Kihansia (2004), Kupea (2003), Lacandonia (1989), Triuridopsis (1994); synonyms: Andruris > Sciaphila, Hyalisma > Sciaphila, Seychellaria > Sciaphila

2. Subclass Arecidae

Subclass Arecidae

1. Order Arecales

Order Arecales

1. Arecaceae

200

3000

202

182

2546

-29

+7

+8

+40

-84

Palm family

Arecales

Arecaceae

Areca. new: Lemurophoenix (1991), Sabinaria (2013), Satranala (1995), Tahina (2008), Voanioala (1989), Wallaceodoxa (2014), Wodyetia (1983); segregated: Aphandra (1991, new 1987), Dransfieldia (2006), Guihaia (1985), Jailoloa (2014, new 2011), Lanonia (2011), Leucothrinax (2008), Manjekia (2014, new 2012), Oraniopsis (1985); reinstated (< 1992): Aiphanes, Allagoptera, Barcella, Beccariophoenix, Bismarckia, Brassiophoenix, Burretiokentia, Calyptronoma, Carpentaria, Carpoxylon, Chambeyronia, Chuniophoenix, Deckenia, Eleiodoxa, Gaussia, Geonoma, Johannesteijsmannia, Kerriodoxa, Laccospadix, Laccosperma, Lepidorrhachis, Loxococcus, Marojejya, Masoala, Mauritiella, Maxburretia, Medemia, Normanbya, Pholidostachys, Phoenicophorium, Ravenea, Salacca, Satakentia, Schippia, Syagrus, Zombia; Adonidia (< 2012), Myrialepis (1982), Chrysalidocarpus, Vonitra

Hemithrinax synonym of Thrinax Ponapea synonym of Ptychosperma Alloschmidia > Basselinia Alsmithia > Heterospathe Chrysalidocarpus > Dypsis Gastrococos > Acrocomia Goniocladus > Physokentia

Lavoixia > Clinosperma Lytocaryum > Syagrus Mackeea > Chambeyronia Moratia > Cyphokentia Pogonotium > Calamus Veillonia > Cyphophoenix Arecaceae was previously called Palmae

2. Order Cyclanthales

order into:

Order Cyclanthales

1. Cyclanthaceae

11

180

12

12

232

+1

+1

+1

-1

Panama hat family

Pandanales

Cyclanthaceae

Cyclanthus. new: Dianthoveus (1989); segregated: Chorigyne (1989); synonym: Sarcinanthus > Asplundia

3. Order Pandanales

Order Pandanales

1. Pandanaceae

3

732

3

5

962

+2

+2

0

Screwpine family

Pandanales

Pandanaceae

Pandanus. segregated: Benstonea (2012 < Pandanus), Martellidendron (2003 < Pandanus)

4. Order Arales

order into:

Order Arales

1. Acoraceae ('88)

1

2

1

1

2

Sweet flag family

Acorales

Acoraceae('88)

Acorus ('88 from Araceae)

2. Araceae

110

1800

105

143

4444

+43

+9

+21

+11

+4

-2

Arum family

Alismatales

Araceae

Arum. Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia, Wolffiella from Lemnaceae; Acorus moved ('88) to Acoraceae; new: Bidayuha (2018), Fenestratarum (2014), Galantharum (2015), Idimanthus (2018), Lorenzia (2012), Pichinia (2010), Pursegloveia (2018), Schottariella (2009), Vietnamocasia (2017), Vivaria (2022); segregated: Anaphyllopsis (1989), Bakoa (2008, new 1993), Bakoaella (2018, new 2012), Bognera (1984, new 1980), Boycea (2022, new 1994), Burttianthus (2018), Croatiella (2005), Englerarum (2013), Furtadoa (1981), Gosong (2018, new 2000), Hera (2018, new 2014), Incarum (2005), Kiewia (2018), Lazarum (1992), Nabalu (2018, new 2000), Naiadia (2018, new 2014), Ooia (2010), Schottarum (2008, new 1983), Tawaia (2018, new 2014), Toga (2018, new 2000), Vesta (2018); reinstated: Adelonema (2016), Apoballis (2010), Colobogynium (2018), Filarum (< 1992), Heteroaridarum (2018), Hottarum (2018), Lasimorpha (< 1992), Leucocasia (> 2012), Phyllotaenium (2023), Phymatarum (< 1992), Scaphispatha (< 1992); synonyms: Gonatanthus > Remusatia, Pedicellarum > Pothos, Porphyrospatha > Syngonium, Pseudodracontium > Amorphophallus, Zyganthera > Pseudohydrosme

Gamogyne (reinstated 2018) synonym of Piptospatha Philonotion synonym of Schismatoglottis Rhynchopyle (reinstated 2018) synonym of Piptospatha Thaumatophyllum synonym of Philodendron

3. Lemnaceae

6

29

4

Duckweed family

into Araceae

Alismatales

Lemnaceae

Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia, Wolffiella moved to Araceae; synonyms: Pseudowolffia > Wolffiella, Wolffiopsis > Wolffiella

3. Subclass Commelinidae

Subclass Commelinidae

1. Order Commelinales

Order Commelinales

1. Rapateaceae

16

100

17

17

97

+1

+1

0

Tow-tow family

Poales

Rapateaceae

Rapatea. segregated: Marahuacaea (1984)

2. Xyridaceae

4

200

5

5

409

+1

+1

0

Yellow-eyed grass family

Poales

Xyridaceae

Xyris. segregated: Aratitiyopea (1984)

3. Mayacaceae

1

4

1

1

5

Bog-moss family

Poales

Mayacaceae

4. Commelinaceae

50

700

38

36

772

-14

+1

0

-15

Spiderwort family

Commelinales

Commelinaceae

Commelina. new: Plowmanianthus (2004); synonyms: Anthericopsis > Murdannia, Athyrocarpus > Commelina, Campelia > Tradescantia, Commelinantia > Tinantia, Descantaria > Callisia, Forrestia > Amischotolype, Gibasoides > Thyrsanthemum, Leptorhoeo > Callisia, Neomandonia > Tradescantia, Porandra > Amischotolype, Pyrrheima > Siderasis, Rhoeo > Tradescantia, Setcreasea > Tradescantia, Spironema > Callisia, Zebrina > Tradescantia

Belosynapsis > Cyanotis

2. Order Eriocaulales

order into:

Order Eriocaulales

1. Eriocaulaceae

13

1200

9

7

1224

-5

-5

Pipewort family

Poales

Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulon. synonyms: Blastocaulon > Paepalanthus, Chaetodiscus > Eriocaulon, Lachnocaulon > Paepalanthus, Philodice > Syngonanthus, Tonina > Paepalanthus

3. Order Restionales

order into:

Order Restionales

1. Flagellariaceae

1

3

1

1

1

Whip-vine family

Poales

Flagellariaceae

Flagellaria

2. Joinvilleaceae

1

2

1

1

1

Ohe family

Poales

Joinvilleaceae

Joinvillea

3. Restionaceae

30

400

41

48

552

+16

+4

+12

+5

+2

-7

Restio or fynbos family

Poales

Restionaceae

Restio. Centrolepis, Aphelia, Gaimardia from Centrolepidaceae; Ecdeiocolea moved to Ecdeiocoleaceae; new: Catacolea (1998), Taraxis (1998), Tyrbastes (1998), Winifredia (1986); segregated: Apodasmia (1998), Chordifex (1998), Cytogonidium (1998), Dapsilanthus (1998), Eurychorda (1998), Hydrophilus (1984), Melanostachya (1998), Nevillea (1984), Platycaulos (1984), Platychorda (1998), Soroveta (2010), Tremulina (1998); reinstated: Baloskion (1998), Ceratocaryum (< 1992), Desmocladus (1996), Rhodocoma (< 1992), Sporadanthus (< 1992); synonyms: Calopsis > Restio, Chondropetalum > Elegia, Harperia > Desmocladus, Lamprocaulos > Elegia, Meeboldina > Leptocarpus, Onychosepalum > Desmocladus, Phyllocomos > Anthochortus

Anarthria in Anarthriaceae Dovea > Elegia Ischyrolepis > Restio Megalotheca > Loxocarya

Ecdeiocoleaceae

I

1

2

3

+2

+1

0

+1

Kwongan-rush family

from Restionaceae

Poales

Ecdeiocoleaceae

Ecdeiocolea from Restionaceae; new: Georgeantha (1998)

4. Centrolepidaceae

4

35

4

Centrolepis family

into Restionaceae

Poales

Centrolepidaceae

Centrolepis, Aphelia, Gaimardia moved to Restionaceae; Brizula > Aphelia

4. Order Juncales

order into:

Order Juncales

1. Juncaceae

8

300

7

8

517

0

1

1

-1

-1

Rush family

Poales

Juncaceae

Juncus. Prionium moved to Thurniaceae; segregated: Oreojuncus (2013); reinstated: Patosia (< 2012); synonyms: Andesia > Oxychloe

2. Thurniaceae

1

3

1

2

4

+1

+1

0

Palmiet family

Poales

Thurniaceae

Thurnia. Prionium from Juncaceae

5. Order Cyperales

order into:

Order Cyperales

1. Cyperaceae

70

4000

102

94

5983

+15

+2

+13

+18

-18

Sedge family

Poales

Cyperaceae

Cyperus. new: Khaosokia (2005), Koyamaea (1989); segregated: Afroscirpoides (2015), Ammothryon (2021), Calliscirpus (2012), Capeobolus (1999), Chamaedendron (2018), Dracoscirpoides (2012), Krenakia (2021), Netrostylis (2006), Ptilothrix (1994), Rhodoscirpus (2015), Schoenoplectiella (2003), Zameioscirpus (2003), Zulustylis (2019); reinstated: Abildgaardia (> 2012), Actinoscirpus (1991), Afrotrilepis (< 1992), Bolboschoenus (< 2012), Coleochloa (< 1992), Cryptangium (2009), Cyathocoma (< 2012), Isolepis (< 2012), Machaerina (< 1992), Morelotia (< 1992), Neesenbeckia (< 1992), Phylloscirpus (1991), Principina (< 1992),Erioscirpus (> 2012), Schoenoplectus (< 1992), Trichophorum (< 1992), Trichoschoenus (< 1992), Trilepis (< 1992); synonyms: Chillania > Eleocharis, Courtoisina > Cyperus, Crosslandia > Fimbristylis, Cymophyllus > Carex, Dichromena > Rhynchospora, Epischoenus > Schoenus, Everardia > Cephalocarpus, Juncellus > Cyperus, Karinia (segr. 1994) > Scirpoides, Kobresia > Carex, Kyllinga > Cyperus, Lipocarpha > Cyperus, Mapaniopsis > Mapania, Mariscus > Cyperus, Oreobolopsis > Trichophorum, Pycreus > Cyperus, Queenslandiella > Cyperus, Remirea > Cyperus, Schoenoxiphium > Carex

Blysmus > Schoenus Bolboschoenoplectus > hybrid Desmoschoenus > Ficinia Egleria > Eleocharis Nemum > Bulbostylis Oxycaryum > Cyperus Pleurostachys > Rhynchospora Sphaerocyperus > Cyperus Websteria > Eleocharis

2. Poaceae

500

8000

657

793

12156

+205

+37

+148

+76

-55

Grass family

Poales

Poaceae

Poa. new: Alexfloydia (1992), Alvimia (1988), Annamocalamus (2013), Arundoclaytonia (1987), Chandrasekharania (1982), Clausospicula (1991), Cochinchinochloa (2013), Cyperochloa (1987), Ferrocalamus (1982), Gerritea (1993), Hubbardochloa (1980), Khoonmengia (2020), Laobambos (2020), Lepturopetium (1981), Microbriza (1981), Nianhochloa (2012), Olmeca (1982), Oreopoa (2004), Parabambusa (1997), Phuphanochloa (2009), Pinga (1997), Plagiantha (1982), Pohlidium (1986), Pseudophleum (1982), Pseudoroegneria (1980), Rheochloa (1999), Schmidiella (2018), Silentvalleya (1982), Suddia (1984), Taeniorhachis (1993), Temburongia (1996), Temochloa (2000), Thedachloa (2004), Veldkampia (2008), Vietnamocalamus (1991), Vietnamochloa (1995), Yersinochloa (2016); Poaceae family was previously called Gramineae

Cephalostachyum synonym of Schizostachyum Eriocoma synonym of Oryzopsis Microlaena synonym of Ehrharta Patis synonym of Stipa Sesleriella synonym of Sesleria

6. Order Hydatellales

order into:

Order Hydatellales

1. Hydatellaceae

2

7

2

1

13

-1

-1

Watertufts family

Nymphaeales

Hydatellaceae

Trithuria. synonym: Hydatella > Trithuria

7. Order Typhales

order into:

Order Typhales

1. Sparganiaceae

1

13

-1

Bur-reed family

into Typhaceae

Poales

Sparganiaceae

Sparganium moved to Typhaceae

2. Typhaceae

1

10

2

2

74

+1

+1

Cat-tail family

Poales

Typhaceae

Typha. Sparganium from Sparganiaceae

4. Subclass Zingiberidae

Subclass Zingiberidae

1. Order Bromeliales

order into:

Order Bromeliales

1. Bromeliaceae

45

2000

51

76

4071

+31

+27

+8

-4

Bromeliads family

Poales

Bromeliaceae

Bromelia. segregated: Barfussia (2016), Canistropsis (1998), Edmundoa (1997), Eduandrea (2008), Forzzaea (2017), Goudaea (2016), Gregbrownia (2016), Hoplocryptanthus (2017), Hylaeaicum (2021), Jagrantia (2016), Karawata (2019), Krenakanthus (2022, new: 2015), Lapanthus (2010), Lemeltonia (2016), Lutheria (2016), Lymania (1984), Orthocryptanthus (2022, new: 2015), Pseudaraeococcus (2020), Racinaea (1993), Rokautskyia (2017), Sequencia (2007), Siqueiranthus (2022, new: 2020), Steyerbromelia (1987), Stigmatodon (2016), Waltillia (2017), Werauhia (1995), Zizkaea (2016); reinstated: Alcantarea (< 2012), Cipuropsis (> 2012), Deinacanthon (> 2012), Neoregelia (2000), Pseudalcantarea (2016), Sincoraea (> 2012), Wallisia (> 2012), Wittmackia (> 2012); synonyms: Abromeitiella > Deuterocohnia, Andrea > Eduandrea, Mezobromelia > Cipuropsis, Streptocalyx > Aechmea

Brewcaria (1984) > Navia

2. Order Zingiberales

Order Zingiberales

1. Strelitziaceae

3

7

3

3

12

Bird-of-Paradise flower family

Zingiberales

Strelitziaceae

Strelitzia

2. Heliconiaceae

1

100

1

1

203

Wild plantain family

Zingiberales

Heliconiaceae

Heliconia

3. Musaceae

2

42

2

3

94

+1

+1

Bananas family

Zingiberales

Musaceae

Musa. segregated: Musella (2004)

4. Lowiaceae

1

6

1

1

32

Orchid-lily family

Zingiberales

Lowiaceae

Orchidantha

5. Zingiberaceae

47

1000

46

57

1970

+10

+9

+7

+5

-11

Ginger family

Zingiberales

Zingiberaceae

Zingiber. new: Cornukaempferia (1997), Distichochlamys (1995), Johoralia (2015), Kedhalia (2009), Newmania (2011), Perakalia (2016), Siamanthus (1998), Stadiochilus (1980), Tamijia (2000); segregated: Epiamomum (2018), Lanxangia (2018), Larsenianthus (2010), Pleuranthodium (1991), Pyrgophyllum (1989), Sulettaria (2018), Sundamomum (2018); reinstated: Adelmeria (2019), Leptosolena (< 2012), Meistera (2018), Myxochlamys (< 2012), Wurfbainia (2018); synonyms: Achasma > Etlingera, Carenophila > Geostachys, Elettariopsis > Amomum, Haplochorema > Boesenbergia, Hitchenia > Curcuma, Hitcheniopsis > Curcuma, Mantisia > Globba, Odontychium > Alpinia, Phaeomeria > Etlingera, Stahlianthus > Curcuma, Thylacophora > Riedelia

Conamomum synonym of Amomum Curcumorpha > Boesenbergia Paracautleya > Curcuma

6. Costaceae

4

150

4

8

151

+4

+3

+1

0

Spiral ginger family

Zingiberales

Costaceae

Costus. segregated: Chamaecostus (2006), Paracostus (2006), Cheilocostus (2022), Parahellenia (2022); reinstated: Hellenia Retz. (2013)

Costus... at Hutchinson in Zingiberaceae

WFO moved Hellenia to Zingiberaceae in Dec. 2021

7. Cannaceae

1

50

1

1

12

Canna family

Zingiberales

Cannaceae

Canna

8. Marantaceae

30

400

32

29

585

+2

+2

+2

-7

Arrowroot family

Zingiberales

Marantaceae

Maranta. new: Myanmaranthus (2022), Sanblasia (1984); segregated: Indianthus (2009), Koernickanthe (1981); reinstated: Goeppertia < Calathea (2012), Schumannianthus (2006); synonyms: Ataenidia > Marantochloa, Clinogyne > Marantochloa, Cominsia > Phrynium, Ctenophrynium > Saranthe, Koernickanthe > Maranta, Monophrynium > Phrynium, Phacelophrynium > Phrynium

Thymocarpus > Goeppertia

5. Subclass Liliidae

Subclass Liliidae

1. Order Liliales

Order Liliales

1. Philydraceae

4

5

3

3

6

-1

-1

Frogsmouth family

Commelinales

Philydraceae

Philydrum. synonym: Orthothylax > Helmholtzia

2. Pontederiaceae

9

30

9

2

48

-7

-7

Water Hyacinth family

Commelinales

Pontederiaceae

Pontederia. synonyms: Eichhornia, Monochoria, Reussia > Pontederia; Eurystemon, Hydrothrix, Scholleropsis, Zosterella > Heteranthera

3. Haemodoraceae

16

100

14

15

116

-2

+1

-3

Bloodwort family

Commelinales

Haemodoraceae

Haemodorum. Hagenbachia moved (through Liliaceae) to Asparagaceae; Lanaria moved to Lanariaceae; Lophiola moved to Nartheciaceae; segregated: Cubanicula (2020)

Hagenbachia in Anthericaceae Lophiola in Melanthiaceae

Lanariaceae

I

1

1

1

Cape edelweiss family

from Haemodoraceae

Asparagales

Lanariaceae

Lanariaceae (1988); Lanaria from Haemodoraceae

Nartheciaceae

I

5

36

Bog asphodel family

from Liliaceae

Dioscoreales

Nartheciaceae

Narthecium, Aletris, Metanarthecium, Nietneria from Liliaceae; Lophiola from Haemodoraceae

here in Melanthiaceae

4. Cyanastraceae

1

7

1

Cyanastrum family

into Tecophilaeaceae

Asparagales

Cyanastraceae

Cyanastrum moved to Tecophilaeaceae

Tecophilaeaceae

I

6

9

27

+2

+7

Chilean-crocus family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Tecophilaeaceae

Tecophilaea, Conanthera, Cyanella, Odontostomum, Walleria, Zephyra from Liliaceae; Cyanastrum from Cyanastraceae; segregated: Eremiolirion (2005), Kabuyea (1998)

5. Liliaceae

280

4000

11

15

782

-266

+21

+22

-215

-94

Lily family

Liliales

Liliaceae

Lilium. Allium + 30 genera moved to Amaryllidaceae; Narthecium + 3 genera moved to Nartheciaceae; Tecophilaea + 5 genera moved to Tecophilaeaceae; Melanthium + 13 genera moved to Melanthiaceae; Asparagus + 73 genera moved to Asparagaceae; Asphodelus + 41 genera moved to Asphodelaceae; Astelia + 2 genera moved to Asteliaceae; Colchicum + 20 genera moved to Colchicaceae; Hypoxis + 7 genera moved to Hypoxidaceae; Campynema and Campynemanthe moved to Campynemataceae; Tofieldia and Pleea moved to Tofieldiaceae; Blandfordia moved to Blandfordiaceae; Borya and Alania moved to Boryaceae; Alstroemeria + 4 genera moved to Alstroemeriaceae; Ixiolirion moved to Ixiolirionaceae; reinstated: Amana (< 2012), Cardiocrinum (< 1992), Prosartes (< 2012); synonyms: Giraldiella > Gagea, Lloydia > Gagea, Nomocharis > Lilium

Amana synonym of Tulipa Clintonia in Convallariaceae Medeola in Convallariaceae Streptopus in Convallariaceae Tricyrtis in Convallariaceae Scoliopus in Trilliaceae Korolkowia > Fritillaria

Pleea in Melanthiaceae Trillium, Daiswa, Kinugasa, Paris in Trilliaceae

Asparagaceae

I

120

120

3404

+5

+12

+27

-27

Asparagus family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Asparagaceae

Asparagus + 51 genera from Liliaceae; Acanthocarpus, Chamaexeros, Lomandra from Xanthorrhoeaceae; Agave, Cordyline, Dasylirion, Dracaena, Nolina, Sansevieria > Dracaena, Yucca from Agavaceae; Behnia, Eustrephus from Smilacaceae; Hagenbachia from Haemodoraceae; new: Jaimehintonia (1993), Namophila (1997), Spetaea (2003), Xerolirion (1986), Zingela (2018); segregated: Austronea (2018), Comospermum (1982), Diamena (1987), Diora (1987), Fessia (1998), Heteropolygonatum (1997), Hooveria (2018), Merwilla (1998), Pseudolachenalia (2022), Pseudoprospero (1998), Xochiquetzallia (2020), Zagrosia (1998); reinstated < 1992: Beaucarnea, Bellevalia, Brimeura, Dandya, Dichelostemma, Hastingsia, Hesperoyucca, Hyacinthella, Hyacinthoides, Laxmannia, Ledebouria, Muscarimia, Ophiopogon, Petronymphe, Schizocarphus, Trichopetalum, Trihesperus, Triteleia, Triteleiopsis; Barnardia (< 2012), Dipterostemon (2017 < Dichelostemma), Fusifilum (1998), Oziroe (1998), Prospero (1982), Resnova (2006), Alrawia; synonyms: Alectorurus > Comospermum, Androsiphon > Daubenya, Bartlingia > Laxmannia, Behria > Bessera, Bottinaea > Trichopetalum, Brachyscypha > Lachenalia, Brevoortia > Dichelostemma, Campylandra > Rohdea, Chionodoxa > Scilla, Debesia > Chlorophytum, Evrardiella > Aspidistra, Galtonia > Ornithogalum, Gonioscypha > Rohdea, Litanthus > Drimia, Mondo > Ophiopogon, Oligobotrya > Maianthemum, Polyxena > Lachenalia, Rhadamanthus > Drimia, Rhodocodon > Drimia, Schizobasis > Drimia, Smilacina > Maianthemum, Stropholirion > Dichelostemma, Terauchia > Anemarrhena, Urginea > Drimia, Urgineopsis > Drimia

6 genera in Alliaceae Anthericum + 8 genera in Anthericaceae Aphyllanthes in Aphyllanthaceae Hemiphylacus, Paradisea in Asphodelaceae Convallaria + 12 genera in Convallariaceae Eriosperma in Eriospermaceae Herreria, Herreriopsis in Herreriaceae Hosta in Hostaceae Hyacinthus + 29 genera in Hyacinthaceae Lomandra in Lomandraceae Danae, Ruscus, Semele in Ruscaceae

Fortunatia > Oziroe; Tricalistra > Tupistra Murchisonia > Thysanotus Clara synonym of Herreria, Herreriaceae Dipterostemon synonym of Dichelostemma, Alliaceae Diuranthera synonym of Chlorophytum, Antheriaceae Hesperoyucca synonym of Yucca, Agavaceae Resnova synonym of Drimiopsis, Hyacinthaceae Schizocarphus synonym of Scilla, Hyacinthaceae Amaryllidaceae already at Hutchinson 1959

Asphodelaceae

I

24

41

1251

+7

+4

-11

Aloe family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Asphodelaceae

Asphodelus + 25 genera from Liliaceae; Aloe + 4 genera from Aloeaceae; Xanthorrhoea from Xanthorrhoeaceae; segregated: Aloestrela (2019), Aloiampelos (2013), Aloidendron (2013), Aristaloe (2014), Gonialoe (2014), Haworthiopsis (2013), Thelionema (1985); reinstated: Astroloba (< 2012); Kumara (2013), Rhuacophila (2020), Trachyandra (< 1992), Tulista (2013); synonyms: Apicra > Haworthia, Bulbinopsis > Bulbine, Dasystachys > Chamaedorea, Arecaceae, Glyphosperma > Asphodelus, Liriothamnus > Trachyandra, Lomatophyllum > Aloe, Nanolirion > Caesia

11 genera in Anthericaceae Hemerocallis in Hemerocallidaceae Phormium, Agrostocrinum, Dianella, Eccremis, Stypandra, Thelionema (segregated 1985) in Phormiaceae

Jodrellia > Bulbine Aloe + 9 genera in Plant List < 2012: Asparagaceae, > 2012: Xanthorrhoeaceae Asphodelus + 18 genera in Plant List in Xanthorrhoeaceae

Tofieldiaceae

I

4

29

+8

+3

False asphodel family

from Liliaceae

Alismatales

Tofieldiaceae

Tofieldia, Pleea from Liliaceae; reinstated: Harperocallis (2013), Triantha (< 2012)

here in Melanthiaceae

Amaryllidaceae

I

96

71

2478

+4

+1

+15

-20

Amaryllis family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllis + 30 genera from Liliaceae; Ixiolirion moved to Ixiolirionaceae; new: Atacamallium (2022), Cearanthes (2000), Namaquanula (1985), Shoubiaonia (2021); segregated: Paposoa (2020); reinstated: Acis (2002), < 1992: Boophone, Hannonia, Mathieua, Plagiolirion, Proiphys, Pyrolirion, Scadoxus, Worsleya; Clinanthus (< 2012), Crossyne (1994), Latace (2015), Phycella (< 2012), Rhodolirium (> 2012), Schickendantziella (> 2012); synonyms: Ancrumia > Gilliesia, Anoiganthus > Cyrtanthus, Buphane > Boophone, Caliphruria > Urceolina, Callipsyche > Eucrosia, Carpolyza > Strumaria, Chapmanolirion > Pancratium, Choananthus > Scadoxus, Cooperia > Zephyranthes, Crocopsis > Clinanthus, Cybistetes > Ammocharis, Eithea (segr. 2002) > Zephyranthes, Elisena > Ismene, Erinna > Leucocoryne, Eucharis > Urceolina, Eurycles > Proiphys, Eustephiopsis > Hieronymiella, Gethyum > Gilliesia, Haylockia > Zephyranthes, Hyline > Griffinia, Klingia > Gethyllis, Placea > Phycella, Solaria > Gilliesia, Steinmannia > Tristagma, Stenolirion > Ammocharis, Stricklandia > Eucrosia, Tapeinanthus > Narcissus, Vallota > Cyrtanthus, Zephyranthella > Zephyranthes; Amaryllidaceae already at Hutchinson 1959

Allium + 14 genera in Alliaceae Garaventia, Alliaceae > Tristagma Nectaroscordum > Allium Speea, Alliaceae > Miersia Ismene synonym of Hymenocallis Worsleya synonym of Hippeastrum

Bokkeveldia > Strumaria Braxireon > Narcissus Castellanoa > Chlidanthus Famatina > Zephyranthes Gemmaria > Strumaria Haemanthus > Zephyranthes Pseudostenomesson > Ismene Rhodophiala > Phycella Tedingea > Strumaria

Asteliaceae

I

4

3

37

+1

0

Pineapple-grass family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Asteliaceae

Astelia, Milligania from Liliaceae; new: Neoastelia (1987); synonym: Collospermum > Astelia

Blandfordiaceae

I

1

1

6

Christmas bells family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Blandfordiaceae

Blandfordiaceae (1985); Blandfordia from Liliaceae

Ixioliriaceae

I

1

1

4

Tartar-lily family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Ixioliriaceae

Ixiolirion from Liliaceae

Hypoxidaceae

I

9

5

161

+1

0

-1

Star lily family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Hypoxidaceae

Hypoxis, Curculigo, Empodium, Pauridia from Liliaceae; new: Sinocurculigo (2012); synonyms: Molineria > Curculigo, Rhodohypoxis > Hypoxis, Saniella > Pauridia, Spiloxene > Pauridia; Hypoxidaceae already at Hutchinson 1959

Hypoxidia (1985) > Curculigo

Boryaceae

I

2

13

Pincushion-lily family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Boryaceae

Boryaceae (1997); Borya, Alania from Liliaceae

here in Anthericaceae

Alstroemeriaceae

I

4

4

258

Inca-lily family

from Liliaceae

Liliales

Alstroemeriaceae

Alstroemeria, Bomarea, Drymophila from Liliaceae; Luzuriaga from Smilacaceae; synonyms: Leontochir > Bomarea, Schickendantzia > Alstroemeria; Alstroemeriaceae already at Hutchinson 1959

Drymophila in Convallariaceae Luzuriaga in Philesiaceae

Campynemataceae

I

2

4

Green-mountain lily family

from Liliaceae

Liliales

Campynemataceae

Campynema, Campynemanthe from Liliaceae; at Hutchinson 1959 in Hypoxidaceae

here in Melanthiaceae

Colchicaceae

I

16

15

292

+1

+1

-2

Colchicum family

from Liliaceae

Liliales

Colchicaceae

Colchicum from Liliaceae; segregated: Kuntheria (1987); reinstated: Tripladenia (< 1992); synonyms: Anguillaria > Wurmbea, Bulbocodium > Colchicum, Dipidax > Wurmbea, Kreysigia > Schelhammera, Littonia > Gloriosa, Merendera > Colchicum, Neodregea > Wurmbea, Reya > Burchardia, Synsiphon > Colchicum

Androcymbium > Colchicum Onixotis > Wurmbea

Disporum, Kuntheria, Schelhammera, Tripladenia, Uvularia in Convallariaceae

Melanthiaceae

I

29

14

192

+1

-1

Bunchflower family

from Liliaceae

Liliales

Melanthiaceae

Melanthium + 12 genera from Lilaceae; Hewardia > Isophysis, Iridaceae; segregated: Pseudotrillium (2002); reinstated: Anticlea (< 1992); synonyms: Chionographis > Chamaelirium, Ypsilandra > Helonias

Trillium, Daiswa, Kinugasa, Paris in Trilliaceae; Heloniopsis > Helonias

Melanthium at WFO synonym of Veratrum since December 2021

6. Iridaceae

80

1500

88

69

2587

-8

+1

+7

+9

+1

-26

Irises family

Asparagales

Iridaceae

Iris. Geosiris from Geosiridaceae; new: Devia (1990); segregated: Afrosolen (2016), Codonorhiza (2015), Cyanixia (2004), Lethia (1986), Savannosiphon (1980), Schizorhiza (2015), Xenoscapa (1995); reinstated: < 1992: Herbertia, Hesperoxiphion, Larentia, Mastigostyla, Olsynium, Thereianthus, Tritoniopsis; Salpingostylis (< 2012); synonyms: Acidanthera > Gladiolus, Anaclanthe > Babiana, Anapalina > Tritoniopsis, Anomalesia > Gladiolus, Belamcanda > Iris, Cleanthe > Aristea, Curtonus > Crocosmia, Eurynotia > Ennealophus, Galaxia > Moraea, Hexaglottis > Moraea, Homeria > Moraea, Homoglossum > Gladiolus, Kentrosiphon > Gladiolus, Neomarica > Trimezia, Oenostachys > Gladiolus, Pseudotrimezia > Trimezia, Rigidella > Tigridia, Schizostylis > Hesperantha, Sphenostigma > Gelasine, Streptanthera > Sparaxis, Symphostemon > Coleus, Lamiaceae, Synnotia > Sparaxis; Pentamenes >= Chasmanthe

Ainea > Tigridia Anomatheca > Freesia Barnardiella > Moraea Cardenanthus > Mastigostyla Fosteria > Tigridia Gynandriris > Moraea Kelissa > Cypella

Onira > Cypella Pardanthopsis > Iris Rheome > Moraea Roggeveldia > Moraea Sessilanthera > Tigridia Sessilistigma > Moraea

7. Velloziaceae

6

250

10

6

319

+1

0

-1

Baboon-tail family

Pandanales

Velloziaceae

Vellozia. new: Acanthochlamys (1980); synonym: Talbotia > Xerophyta

Aylthonia, Burlemarxia > Barbacenia

Pleurostima > Barbacenia

8. Aloeaceae

5

700

Aloe family

into Asphodelaceae

Asparagales

Aloeaceae

Aloe, Gasteria, Haworthia, Lomatophyllum > Aloe, Kniphofia moved to Asphodelaceae

Poellnitzia > Astroloba, Asphodelaceae

Aloe family in Liliaceae at Hutchinson 1959

9. Agavaceae

18

600

12

-11

-7

Century-Plant family

into Asparagaceae

Asparagales

Agavaceae

Agave, Beschorneria, Cordyline, Dasylirion, Dracaena, Furcraea, Hesperoloe, Nolina, Phormium, Yucca moved to Asparagaceae; Doryanthes moved to Doryanthaceae; synonyms: Calibanus > Beaucarnea, Clistoyucca > Yucca, Polianthes > Agave, Prochnyanthes > Agave, Pseudobravoa > Agave, Samuela > Yucca, Sansevieria > Dracaena

Beaucarnea, Calibanus, Dasylirion, Nolina, Dracaena, Sansevieria in Dracaenaceae

Bravoa > Agave, Asparagaceae Phormium in Phormiaceae; in Plant List in Xanthorrhoeaceae

Doryanthaceae

I

1

1

2

Gymea-lily family

from Agavaceae

Asparagales

Doryanthaceae

Doryanthaceae (1985); Doryanthes from Agavaceae

Xeronemataceae

I

1

2

Poor-Knights-lily family

from Liliaceae

Asparagales

Xeronemataceae

Xeronemataceae (2000); Xeronema from Liliaceae

here in Phormiaceae

10. Xanthorrhoeaceae

9

55

1

Blackboy family

into Asphodelaceae

Asparagales

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Xanthorrhoea moved to Asphodelaceae; Acanthocarpus, Chamaexeros, Lomandra, Romnalda, Xerolirion (new: 1986) moved to Asparagaceae; Baxteria, Calectasia, Dasypogon, Kingia moved to Dasypogonaceae

Acanthocarpus, Baxteria, Chamaexeros in Lomandraceae

Lomandra, Romnalda, Xerolirion in Lomandraceae

Dasypogonaceae

I

3

4

20

Saviour-grass family

from Xanthorrhoeaceae

Arecales

Dasypogonaceae

Dasypogon, Baxteria, Calectasia, Kingia from Xanthorrhoeaceae

Calectasia in Calectasiaceae

11. Hanguanaceae

1

2

1

1

22

Susum family

Commelinales

Hanguanaceae

Hanguana

13. Stemonaceae

3

30

4

4

39

+1

+1

0

Baibu family

Pandanales

Stemonaceae

Stemona. segregated: Pentastemona (1982)

14. Smilacaceae

12

322

2

1

262

-11

-8

-3

Greenbriers family

Liliales

Smilacaceae

Smilax. Luzuriaga moved to Alstroemeriaceae; Behnia, Eustrephus moved to Asparagaceae; Geitonoplesium moved to Asphodelaceae; Lapageria, Philesia moved to Philesiaceae; Petermannia moved to Petermanniaceae; Rhipogonum moved to Ripogonaceae; synonyms: Elachanthera > Myrsiphyllum, Asparagaceae, Heterosmilax > Smilax, Pseudosmilax > Smilax

Behnia, Eustrephus, Geitonoplesium, Luzuriaga in Philesiaceae

Petermanniaceae

II

1

1

1

Petermann's vine family

from Smilacaceae

Liliales

Petermanniaceae

Petermannia from Smilacaceae

here already in Petermanniaceae

Philesiaceae

I

6

2

2

Chilean-bellflower family

from Smilacaceae

Liliales

Philesiaceae

Philesia and Lapageria from Smilacaceae

here already in Philesiaceae

Ripogonaceae

II

1

1

6

Supplejack family

from Smilacaceae

Liliales

Ripogonaceae

Ripogonaceae (1985); Ripogonum from Smilacaceae

here already in Ripogonaceae

12. Taccaceae

1

10

1

Batflowers family

into Dioscoreaceae

Dioscoreales

Taccaceae

Tacca moved to Dioscoreaceae

APWeb: Taccaceae

15. Dioscoreaceae

6

628

9

4

659

-2

+1

-3

Yam family

Dioscoreales

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea. Tacca from Taccaceae; synonyms: Avetra > Trichopus, Rajania > Dioscorea, Tamus > Dioscorea

Borderea, Epipetrum, Nanarepenta > Dioscorea; Trichopus in Trichopodaceae

2. Order Orchidales

order into:

Order Orchidales

1. Geosiridaceae

1

1

Earth-Iris family

into Iridaceae

Asparagales

Geosiridaceae

Geosiris moved to Iridaceae; placed here already by its author

2. Burmanniaceae

20

130

15

13

232

-7

+1

-1

-7

Bluethreads family

Dioscoreales

Burmanniaceae

Burmannia; Arachnitis moved to Corsiaceae; new: Tiputinia (2007); synonyms: Cymbocarpa > Gymnosiphon, Desmogymnosiphon > Gymnosiphon, Dipterosiphon > Campylosiphon, Geomitra > Thismia, Ptychomeria > Gymnosiphon, Scaphiophora > Thismia

APWeb: Thismiaceae, Afrothismiaceae

3. Corsiaceae

2

9

2

3

27

+1

+1

+1

-1

Ghost-flower family

Liliales

Corsiaceae

Corsia. Arachnitis from Burmanniaceae; new: Corsiopsis (1999)

4. Orchidaceae

up to 1000

17500

835

705

31000

-102

+26

+97

+42

-268

Orchid family

Asparagales

Orchidaceae

Orchis. new: Acrorchis (1990), Adamantinia (2004), Apetalanthe (2020), Aracamunia (1989), Archivea (1996), Bidoupia (2016), Caluera (1983), Cooktownia (1997), Danxiaorchis (2013), Degranvillea (1985), Devogelia (2004), Didymoplexiopsis (1997), Eclecticus (2009), Halleorchis (1998), Horichia (1981), Kipandiorchis (2015), Notyliopsis (1996), Oligophyton (1986), Ophioglossella (1998), Pridgeonia (2019), Santotomasia (2008), Schunkea (1994), Seegeriella (1997), Suarezia (1989), Thulinia (1982), Vasqueziella (1982); reinstated: Acianthera (2001), Anathallis (< 2012), Beloglottis (< 2012), Bryobium (2002), Callostylis (< 2012), Crepidium (< 2012), Cylindrolobus (1981), Cyrtochilum (< 2012), Dendrolirium (> 2012), Dienia (1996), Eltroplectris (< 2012), Funkiella (< 2012), Galeoglossum (2009), Galeottia (< 2012), Galeottiella (< 2012), Lankesterella (< 2012), Leptoceras (< 2012), Lyroglossa (< 2012), Macroclinium (< 2012), Mesadenella (< 2012), Mesadenus (< 2012), Microchilus (2002), Mycaranthes (< 2012), Nemaconia (2007), Odontochilus (< 2012), Oxystophyllum (< 2012), Pabstiella (< 2012), Phloeophila (< 2012), Pinalia (2005), Prosthechea (1998), Psychilis (1988), Psychopsis (< 2012), Rhipidoglossum (< 2012), Rhomboda (1995), Rhynchostele (< 2012), Sacoila (1982), Sertifera (< 2012), Specklinia (< 2012), Stereochilus (< 2012), Stichorkis (2011), Tolumnia (< 2012), Warczewiczella (< 2012)

monocotyledons

Kew 1992

Kew 1992

Cronq

species

Kew

Kew

species

1981 vs

new

segre-

rein-

family

syno

APG

>: genus included within existing genus; <: new genus (partly) originating from existing genus; year: introduction year of genus

some genera may also be at Cronquist

second part

Cronquist APG

1981

1992

2023

2023

plant

gated

stated

change

-nym

I 1998; II 2003; III 2009; IV 2016

from/into (mainly)

APG-IV order

Cronquist APG

type genus. new: new plant; segregated: new genus; synonym: no longer in use; reinstated: ex-synonym; homonym: resembling genus

increasing Cronquist's number of genera

WFO recent changes

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